📚 AS AQA French: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | AS AQA 法语：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to the AS AQA French Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook. This bilingual guide presents essential grammar ‘formulas’ and structural ‘theorems’ that underpin accurate written and spoken French at AS level. Use it to rapidly recall conjugation patterns, pronoun orders, agreement rules, and clause structures – all mapped to the AQA specification. Each section pairs a concise English explanation with a matching Chinese explanation, so you can reinforce understanding from both linguistic angles.
欢迎使用 AS AQA 法语公式定理速查手册。这份双语手册以“公式”与“定理”的形式提炼了 AS 阶段法语的核心语法规则，涵盖了动词变位模式、代词顺序、配合法则以及从句结构等 AQA 考试重点。每一节都先给出简明的英语阐释，紧接着提供对应的中文解说，帮助你从两种语言维度巩固知识，实现快速查阅与高效复习。
1. Present Tense Verb Conjugation Formulas | 现在时动词变位公式
Regular -ER verbs follow the most predictable pattern. After removing the infinitive -er, you attach the standard endings to the stem. The formula can be written as: Stem = Infinitive sans -er, then apply the person-specific terminaisons.
规则 -ER 动词遵循最固定的变位模式。去掉不定式词尾 -er 后，在词干上添加标准人称词尾即可。可记为公式：词干 = 动词原形除去 -er，再套用对应人称尾缀。
Parler: stem parl- + [-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent]
| je -e | nous -ons |
| tu -es | vous -ez |
| il/elle/on -e | ils/elles -ent |
Regular -IR verbs (like finir) follow this pattern: remove -ir, then add -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. The nous and vous forms insert -iss- before the ending. Treat this as the base formula.
规则 -IR 动词（如 finir）的公式为：去掉 -ir，添加 -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。注意 nous 和 vous 形式在词尾前插入 -iss- 元件。可将其视为固定构型。
Finir: stem fin- + [-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent]
For regular -RE verbs (like vendre), remove -re, then add -s, -s, nothing, -ons, -ez, -ent. The third person singular has no ending, simply the stem.
规则 -RE 动词（如 vendre）去掉 -re 后，添加 -s, -s, （无词尾）, -ons, -ez, -ent。第三人称单数仅保留词干，不添加任何词尾。
Vendre: stem vend- + [-s, -s, —, -ons, -ez, -ent]
Key irregular stems must be memorised as separate ‘formulas’. For instance, être gives je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont; avoir gives j’ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont; aller gives vais, vas, va, allons, allez, vont; faire gives fais, fais, fait, faisons, faites, font.
必须将常用不规则词干作为独立“公式”记忆。例如 être: je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont； avoir: j’ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont； aller: vais, vas, va, allons, allez, vont； faire: fais, fais, fait, faisons, faites, font。
2. Passé Composé Formula | 复合过去时公式
The passé composé is constructed using two elements: an auxiliary verb (avoir or être) in the present tense + the past participle of the main verb. The basic formula is: Auxiliary + Past Participle. With negation, wrap ne…pas around the auxiliary.
复合过去时由两个部件构成：助动词 avoir 或 être 的现在时变位 + 主动词的过去分词。基本公式：助动词 + 过去分词。在否定中，将 ne…pas 环绕助动词。
Passé composé = (ne) + auxiliary + (pas) + past participle
Past participles of regular verbs adhere to a simple rule: -ER verbs change the ending to -é; -IR verbs to -i; -RE verbs to -u. For example, parler → parlé, finir → fini, vendre → vendu. Highly irregular participles (eu, été, fait, pris, etc.) must be learnt by rote.
规则动词的过去分词遵循简洁法则：-ER 动词词尾变成 -é； -IR 动词变成 -i； -RE 动词变成 -u。例如 parler → parlé, finir → fini, vendre → vendu。高度不规则的过去分词（eu, été, fait, pris 等）需单独记忆。
When être is the auxiliary, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. The formula extends to: être auxiliary + past participle (add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural). The famous ‘DR MRS VANDERTRAMP’ list identifies these verbs.
当助动词为 être 时，过去分词需与主语在性数上配合。此时的公式扩展为：être 助动词 + 过去分词（阴性加 -e，复数加 -s，阴性复数加 -es）。著名的“DR MRS VANDERTRAMP”列表涵盖了这些动词。
e.g. Elle est allée; Nous sommes partis.
3. Imperfect Tense Formula | 未完成过去时公式
The imperfect tense (l’imparfait) is built from the nous form of the present tense. Take that stem, drop the -ons, and add the imparfait endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. The only irregular stem is être, which uses ét-.
未完成过去时基于现在时 nous 形构建。取该词干，去掉 -ons，然后添加未完成过去时词尾：-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。唯一不规则的词干为 être 的 ét-。
Imparfait stem = (nous form of present) minus -ons + endings
| je -ais | nous -ions |
| tu -ais | vous -iez |
| il/elle/on -ait | ils/elles -aient |
Usage note: the imperfect describes ongoing or habitual past actions, background scene-setting, and states of mind. It is the ‘was/were doing’ or ‘used to do’ tense, forming a crucial contrast with the passé composé.
用法提示：未完成过去时用于描述过去持续或习惯性的动作、背景铺垫以及心理状态，相当于英语的“was/were doing”或“used to do”，构成与复合过去时的重要对立。
4. Future and Conditional Formulas | 将来时与条件式现在时公式
The simple future (futur simple) attaches endings to the whole infinitive (for -er and -ir verbs) or a modified stem (for -re verbs, drop the -e). The endings are: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. Irregular stems need separate memorisation; common ones include ser- (être), aur- (avoir), ir- (aller), fer- (faire), pourr- (pouvoir), devr- (devoir), viendr- (venir).
简单将来时直接将词尾附加于动词不定式（-er 及 -ir 动词）或调整后的词干（-re 动词需去掉 -e）之后。词尾为：-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。不规则词干需单独记忆，常见的有 ser- (être), aur- (avoir), ir- (aller), fer- (faire), pourr- (pouvoir), devr- (devoir), viendr- (venir) 等。
Future stem + [-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont]
The present conditional uses exactly the same stems as the future but with imperfect endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. Thus the formula is: Future Stem + Imperfect Endings. This makes it easy to generate once the future stem is known.
条件式现在时使用与将来时完全相同的词干，但搭配未完成过去时的词尾：-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。因此公式为：将来时词干 + 未完成过去时词尾。一旦掌握了将来时词干，便可轻松推导。
e.g. Je parlerais, tu finirais, il vendrait
5. Subjunctive Present Formulas | 虚拟式现在时公式
The subjunctive mood is essential after many conjunctions and expressions of necessity, doubt, or wishing. To form the present subjunctive, take the ils/elles stem of the present indicative, remove -ent, and add the endings: -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. Thus the formula is: 3rd plural present stem + subjunctive endings.
虚拟式在表达必要性、怀疑、愿望等许多连词及短语后必不可少。构成现在时虚拟式时，取直陈式现在时 ils/elles 词干，去掉 -ent，再添加词尾：-e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent。因此公式为：第三人称复数现在时词干 + 虚拟式词尾。
Que je parle, que tu finisses, qu’il vende
Several very common verbs have irregular subjunctive stems: être (sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient), avoir (aie, aies, ait, ayons, ayez, aient), aller (aille, ailles, aille, allions, alliez, aillent), faire (fasse, fasses, fasse, fassions, fassiez, fassent). Pouvoir, savoir, and vouloir also deviate. Treat these as special theorems.
若干极为常用的动词拥有不规则的虚拟式词干：être (sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient), avoir (aie, aies, ait, ayons, ayez, aient), aller (aille, ailles, aille, allions, alliez, aillent), faire (fasse, fasses, fasse, fassions, fassiez, fassent)。pouvoir, savoir, vouloir 亦有变化。可将它们视为特殊定理。
The subjunctive is typically triggered after ‘que’ and expressions like il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que, à moins que, jusqu’à ce que. Note that espérer que usually takes the indicative, whereas vouloir que requires the subjunctive.
虚拟式多在 que 及 il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que, à moins que, jusqu’à ce que 等短语后触发。注意 espérer que 一般接直陈式，而 vouloir que 要求虚拟式。
6. Pronoun Placement Formulas | 代词位置规则
Object pronouns in French follow a strict linear order when several appear before the verb. The sequence formula (in declarative and negative sentences) is: me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en, all placed before the conjugated verb or auxiliary. Example: Je le lui donne; Il y en a.
法语宾语代词同时出现时遵循严格的线性顺序。陈述句和否定句中的排序公式为：me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en，这些代词全部置于变位动词或助动词之前。例：Je le lui donne; Il y en a。
Order: Subject + (me/te/se/nous/vous) + (le/la/les) + (lui/leur) + y + en + verb
In affirmative commands, the pronoun order is different and the pronouns are attached to the end of the verb with hyphens. The formula becomes: verb + -le/-la/-les + -moi/-toi/-lui/-nous/-vous/-leur + y + en. Note the use of moi and toi instead of me and te, and that all are linked by hyphens. Example: Donne-le-moi!
在肯定命令式中，代词顺序改变，并以连词符附着于动词之后。公式变为：动词 + -le/-la/-les + -moi/-toi/-lui/-nous/-vous/-leur + y + en。注意此处使用 moi, toi 而非 me, te，且都用连词符连接。例：Donne-le-moi!
Command: Verb + le/la/les + moi/toi/lui/nous/vous/leur + y + en
When a conjugated verb is followed by an infinitive, object pronouns usually precede the infinitive. For example: Je veux le faire; Il va y aller.
当变位动词后跟一个不定式时，宾语代词通常前置到该不定式之前。例如：Je veux le faire; Il va y aller。
7. Adjective and Past Participle Agreement Rules | 形容词与过去分词配合规则
The fundamental agreement theorem for adjectives states that they agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. The default masculine singular form serves as the base; add -e for feminine, -s for plural, and -es for feminine plural. This rule extends to past participles when être is the auxiliary or when the direct object precedes the verb.
形容词配合的基本定理是：形容词需与其修饰的名词在性数上保持一致。以阳性单数为基础形，添加 -e 构成阴性，添加 -s 构成复数，添加 -es 构成阴性复数。当使用 être 作助动词或直接宾语前置时，此规则同样适用于过去分词。
Gender-number formula: Base + (e) + (s) + (es)
For past participles with avoir, there is no agreement with the subject. However, if a direct object precedes the participle, the participle agrees with that direct object in gender and number. Example: Les pommes que j’ai mangées (mangées agrees with les pommes, feminine plural). This is a commonly tested ‘agreement theorem’.
以 avoir 为助动词的过去分词不与主语配合。然而，若直接宾语置于分词之前，分词便须与该直接宾语保持性数一致。例：Les pommes que j’ai mangées（mangées 与阴性复数的 les pommes 配合）。这一点是常考的“配合定理”。
Common irregular feminine forms: -eux → -euse (heureux/heureuse), -teur → -trice (créateur/créatrice), -f → -ve (actif/active), -er → -ère (cher/chère). Also note possessive adjectives (mon/ma/mes, ton/ta/tes, son/sa/ses) and demonstrative adjectives (ce/cet/cette/ces) follow the same agreement logic.
常见不规则阴性形：-eux → -euse (heureux/heureuse), -teur → -trice (créateur/créatrice), -f → -ve (actif/active), -er → -ère (cher/chère)。主有形容词 (mon/ma/mes, ton/ta/tes, son/sa/ses) 和指示形容词 (ce/cet/cette/ces) 也遵循同样的配合逻辑。
8. Negation Structures | 否定结构公式
Negation in French typically frames the conjugated verb with ne … pas. In compound tenses, ne and pas surround the auxiliary, not the whole phrase. Other negative expressions include ne … jamais (never), ne … plus (no longer), ne … rien (nothing), ne … personne (no one), ne … que (only), and ne … aucun(e) (not any). Each has a precise position formula.
法语否定常以 ne … pas 框住变位动词。在复合时态中，ne 与 pas 环绕助动词，而非整个短语。其他否定表达包括 ne … jamais（从未）、ne … plus（不再）、ne … rien（没有什么）、ne … personne（没有人）、ne … que（仅仅）和 ne … aucun(e)（没有任何）。它们各有精确的位置公式。
Basic negative formula: ne + conjugated verb/auxiliary + pas/jamais/plus/rien
When an infinitive is negated, ne pas (or other negative pair) is placed together before the infinitive. For example: Il promet de ne pas fumer. With the restrictive ne … que, the que is placed directly before the element it restricts: Je n’ai que deux euros.
当否定针对不定式时，ne pas（或其它否定搭配）需一同放在不定式之前。例：Il promet de ne pas fumer。限定义 ne … que 中，que 需直接放在所限定的成分前：Je n’ai que deux euros。
Personne and rien can also act as subjects. In that case, personne or rien begins the sentence, followed by ne before the verb. Rien n’est arrivé. Personne ne parle. This is the inverted negative theorem.
Personne 和 rien 也可充当主语。此时它们位于句首，后面跟 ne + 动词。Rien n’est arrivé. Personne ne parle. 这便是倒装否定定理。
9. Question Formation Formulas | 疑问句构成公式
Three main formulas create questions in French. The simplest is intonation: take a declarative sentence and raise the voice at the end. Est-ce que is a modular question prefix added to the start of a statement, requiring no inversion. Inversion itself forms a tighter formula: verb + hyphen + subject pronoun. Always insert -t- between two vowels for euphony.
法语有三种主要的疑问句构成公式。最简单的是语调法：陈述句末尾提高声调。Est-ce que 是一个模块式疑问前缀，加在陈述句开头，无需倒装。倒装本身构成更紧凑的公式：动词 + 连词符 + 主语代词。在两元音间须插入 -t- 以利发音。
1. Intonation: Statement + ? 2. Est-ce que + statement 3. Verb-pronoun inversion
Inversion formula: (Conjugated verb) + ‘-‘ + (subject pronoun). If the verb ends in a vowel and the pronoun starts with a vowel, insert -t-. Example: Parle-t-il anglais? In compound tenses, the subject pronoun inverts with the auxiliary: A-t-il mangé? With a nominal subject, the noun stays first, then the verb and a corresponding pronoun: Paul, aime-t-il le chocolat?
倒装公式：(变位动词) + ‘-‘ + (主语代词)。若动词以元音结尾而代词以元音开头，则插入 -t-。例：Parle-t-il anglais? 在复合时态中，主语代词与助动词倒装：A-t-il mangé? 若主语为名词，则该名词保留在前，后随动词加相应代词：Paul, aime-t-il le chocolat?
Note that in
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