📚 AS AQA Psychology: Glossary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | AS AQA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specialised vocabulary of AS AQA Psychology is essential for exam success. This quick revision guide breaks down key terms from the main topics – Social Influence, Memory, Attachment, Psychopathology, Research Methods, Biopsychology and Approaches – with clear definitions and mnemonic aids to help you recall them confidently. Use it alongside your class notes to strengthen your psychological language and ensure you can define every concept precisely.
掌握 AS AQA 心理学的专业词汇是考试成功的关键。本篇速记指南分解了主要课题中的关键术语——社会影响、记忆、依恋、精神病理学、研究方法、生物心理学和心理学流派——提供清晰定义和助记技巧，帮助你自信回忆。配合课堂笔记使用，强化心理学语言，确保你能够精准定义每一个概念。
1. Social Influence Key Terms | 社会影响核心术语
Conformity – A change in a person’s behaviour or beliefs as a result of real or imagined pressure from a group. Kelman (1958) identified three types: compliance (outward change, private disagreement), identification (temporary change to fit a valued group) and internalisation (true private acceptance of group norms). Mnemonic: CII – “Copy behaviour, Identify with group, Integrate personally”.
从众 – 由于来自群体的真实或想象的压力，导致个人行为或信念的改变。凯尔曼（1958）确定了三种类型：顺从（外在改变，内心不认同）、认同（为融入重视的群体而暂时改变）和内化（私下真正接受群体规范）。记忆方法：CII – “复制行为，认同群体，个人融合”。
Obedience – Following a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram’s studies showed how situational factors override personal conscience. The agentic state occurs when an individual sees themselves as an agent for another person’s will. Mnemonic: Obedience = Order (both start with ‘O’) .
服从 – 遵循权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆的研究展示了情境因素如何压倒个人良知。代理状态是指个体视自己为他人意志的代理人。记忆方法：Obedience = Order（都以’O’开头）。
Social roles – The parts people play as members of various social groups; behaviour changes to fit role expectations. The Stanford prison experiment (Zimbardo) demonstrated strong conformity to roles. Remember: “Role” rhymes with “control” – roles control behaviour.
社会角色 – 人们作为不同社会群体成员所扮演的角色；行为会改变以符合角色期待。斯坦福监狱实验（津巴多）显示了人们对角色的强烈遵从。记忆方法：“Role”与“control”押韵——角色控制行为。
Minority influence – A small group changes the majority view through consistency, commitment and flexibility. Moscovici showed that a consistent minority can create conversion. Mnemonic: CCF – Consistency, Commitment, Flexibility.
少数人影响 – 少数群体通过一致性、承诺和灵活性改变多数人的观点。莫斯科维奇表明一致的少数派能引发转变。记忆方法：CCF – 一致性、承诺、灵活性。
2. Memory: Models and Key Terms | 记忆：模型与核心术语
Short-term memory (STM) – A temporary store holding a limited amount of information. Capacity: 7 ± 2 items (Miller’s magic number). Duration: about 18–30 seconds without rehearsal. Coding: mainly acoustic (sound-based). Link ‘STM’ to ‘Short, Sound, Stopwatch’.
短时记忆 – 一个储存有限信息量的临时仓库。容量：7 ± 2 个组块（米勒的神奇数字）。持续时间：无复述约18–30秒。编码：主要为听觉编码。将STM与“Short, Sound, Stopwatch”联系起来。
Long-term memory (LTM) – A permanent store with unlimited capacity and duration. Coding is mainly semantic (meaning-based). Types: episodic (personal events), semantic (facts) and procedural (skills). Mnemonic for coding: “LTM Loves Meaning”.
长时记忆 – 一个具有无限容量和持久性的永久仓库。编码主要为语义编码（基于意义）。类型：情景记忆（个人事件）、语义记忆（事实）和程序性记忆（技能）。编码记忆法：“LTM Loves Meaning”。
Multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) – Sensory register → STM (via attention) → LTM (via rehearsal). Information moves linearly. Criticised for being too simplistic. Visually imagine a conveyor belt: sensory input, attend, hold, repeat, store forever.
多储存模型（阿特金森和谢夫林） – 感觉登记 → 短时记忆（通过注意） → 长时记忆（通过复述）。信息线性流动。被批评过于简化。想象一条传送带：感觉输入，注意，保持，重复，永久储存。
Working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch) – STM is active, not static. Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and episodic buffer. Mnemonic: CE, PL, VSS, EB – “Central Executive Plays Very Simple Episodic Backup”.
工作记忆模型（巴德利和希奇） – 短时记忆是活跃的，而非静态。包括中央执行器、语音回路、视空间画板和情景缓冲器。记忆方法：CE, PL, VSS, EB – “中央执行器扮演非常简单的场景备份”。
3. Attachment: Early Relationships | 依恋：早期关系
Attachment – A strong, reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver. Characterised by proximity seeking, separation distress and secure-base behaviour. Think: “A child clings To The caregiver – A T Tachment”.
依恋 – 婴儿与主要照料者之间强烈、互惠的情感联结。特征为寻求亲近、分离痛苦和安全基地行为。联想：“孩子紧抓照料者 – A T Tachment”。
Interactional synchrony – Caregiver and infant mirror each other’s actions and emotions in a coordinated way. Meltzoff & Moore observed imitation from two weeks. Imagine a synchronised dance: both move as one.
互动同步 – 照料者与婴儿以协调的方式镜像模仿对方的动作和情绪。梅尔佐夫和摩尔观察到2周大的婴儿即能模仿。想象一段同步舞蹈：两人合一。
Reciprocity – Turn-taking in caregiver-infant interactions, like a conversation where each responds to the other. “Reciprocal” = “return call” – each turn invites the next.
交互轮替 – 照料者与婴儿互动中的轮流行为，如同对话，双方互相回应。“Reciprocal” = “回应的呼唤”——每一次轮替都引发下一次。
Strange Situation attachment types | 陌生情境依恋类型
| Type | Behaviour | Mnemonic |
|---|---|---|
| Secure (B) | Explores happily, moderate distress, comforted by return | B for Balanced |
| Insecure-avoidant (A) | Avoids caregiver, no distress when left, ignores return | A for Aloof |
| Insecure-resistant (C) | Clings, extreme distress, resists comfort | C for Clingy |
The table above summarises Ainsworth’s attachment types. Remember the ABC pattern: Aloof, Balanced, Clingy.
上表总结了安斯沃思的依恋类型。记住ABC模式：疏离（Aloof）、平衡（Balanced）、粘人（Clingy）。
Monotropy (Bowlby) – Infants have an innate need to form one primary attachment, usually with the mother, which acts as a prototype for all future relationships. Internal working model is the mental template. Mnemonic: “Mono” = one, one special bond.
单调性（鲍尔比） – 婴儿天生需要形成一个主要的依恋，通常是与母亲，这成为未来所有关系的原型。内部工作模型是一种心理模板。记忆：“Mono” = 单一，一个特殊的联结。
4. Psychopathology: Defining Abnormality and Disorders | 精神病理学：异常定义与障碍
Statistical infrequency – Behaviour is abnormal if it is statistically rare, e.g. very high IQ is also abnormal. Limitation: desirable traits can be infrequent. Think: ‘Bell curve, both ends may be abnormal’.
统计罕见 – 如果某种行为在统计上罕见即为异常，例如极高智商也是异常。局限：受欢迎的特质也可能罕见。联想：“钟形曲线两端都可能异常”。
Deviation from social norms – Behaviour that violates unwritten rules of society is abnormal. Affected by culture and era. Mnemonic: “Deviation = Departing from social Norms”.
社会规范偏差 – 违反社会不成文规则的行为即为异常。受文化和时代影响。记忆法：“偏差就是从社会规范的脱离”。
Failure to function adequately – Inability to cope with daily life (Rosenhan & Seligman’s criteria: unpredictability, personal distress, observer discomfort etc.). Ask: “Can they wash, work, relate?”
功能适应性失败 – 无法应对日常生活（罗森汉和塞利格曼的标准：不可预测性、个人痛苦、观察者不适等）。自问：“他们能清洁、工作、交往吗？”
Phobia characteristics – Behavioural: panic, avoidance. Emotional: persistent excessive fear. Cognitive: irrational thoughts, recognition of exaggerated fear. Remember BEC: Behavioural – Escape, Emotional – Exaggerated, Cognitive – Cannot reason.
恐惧症特征 – 行为：恐慌、回避。情绪：持续过度恐惧。认知：非理性想法，认识到恐惧被夸大。记住BEC：行为逃避、情绪夸大、认知不可理喻。
Depression characteristics – Behavioural: reduced activity, sleep/eating changes. Emotional: depressed mood, low self-esteem. Cognitive: negative schema, poor concentration. Mnemonic: “Depress the BEC” – Behavioural, Emotional, Cognitive.
抑郁症特征 – 行为：活动减少，睡眠/饮食变化。情绪：情绪低落，自卑。认知：消极图式，注意力不集中。记忆法：“压低BEC”——行为、情绪、认知。
OCD – Obsessions (intrusive, unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviours to reduce anxiety). Cycle: obsession → anxiety → compulsion → relief. Visualise a stuck record: the thought repeats until you tap.
强迫症 – 强迫观念（闯入性、不愿有的想法）和强迫行为（减少焦虑的重复行为）。循环：强迫观念→焦虑→强迫行为→缓解。想象一张卡住的唱片：想法重复直到你敲击。
5. Research Methods: Core Concepts | 研究方法：核心概念
Independent variable (IV) – The factor manipulated by the researcher. Dependent variable (DV) – The factor measured. Mnemonic: IV = ‘I vary’, DV = ‘Depend on IV’.
自变量 (IV) – 研究者操纵的因素。因变量 (DV) – 被测量的因素。记忆法：IV = “我变动”，DV = “取决于IV”。
Operationalisation – Clearly defining variables so they can be measured, e.g. ‘aggression’ operationalised as number of times a child hits a doll. ‘Operation’ turns fuzzy ideas into numbers.
操作化 – 清晰定义变量以便测量，例如将“攻击性”操作定义为儿童击打玩偶的次数。将模糊想法转化为数字的过程。
Hypotheses – Directional (one-tailed): states expected direction of effect. Non-directional (two-tailed): states there will be a difference but not specifying direction. Null hypothesis: no difference. Mnemonic: Directional has direction arrows →.
假设 – 定向假设（单尾）：陈述预期的效应方向。非定向假设（双尾）：陈述存在差异但不指定方向。虚无假设：无差异。记忆：定向有方向箭头。
Experimental designs – Independent groups (different participants in each condition), repeated measures (same participants in all conditions), matched pairs (different but similar people paired). Mnemonic: I/Re/Ma – “I Remind Myself”.
实验设计 – 独立组（每种条件下不同被试），重复测量（所有条件下相同被试），匹配组（不同但相似的人配对）。记忆法：I/Re/Ma – “我提醒自己”。
Confounding variable vs extraneous variable – Extraneous variables are any other variables that could affect the DV. A confounding variable is one that actually varies systematically with the IV. Think: Confound = cause of confusion between IV and effect.
混淆变量 vs 额外变量 – 额外变量是任何可能影响DV的其他变量。混淆变量是实际与IV系统性地共同变化的变量。混淆就是导致IV与效应混淆的原因。
6. Biopsychology: The Nervous System | 生物心理学：神经系统
Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain and spinal cord, the body’s master control unit. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) transmits messages to and from the CNS. Mnemonic: CNS = Core command; PNS = Postal service.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) – 脑和脊髓，身体的中央控制单元。周围神经系统 (PNS) 向CNS和从CNS传递信息。记忆法：CNS = 核心指挥部；PNS = 邮政服务。
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Controls involuntary bodily functions; divided into sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest). Mnemonic: Sympathetic = Stress, Parasympathetic = Peaceful.
自主神经系统 (ANS) – 控制不随意身体功能；分为交感神经（战斗或逃跑）和副交感神经（休息和消化）。记忆法：Sympathetic = 应激，Parasympathetic = 安宁。
Neurons – Sensory (carry signals from receptors to CNS), relay (connect sensory to motor within CNS) and motor (carry signals from CNS to effectors). Remember SRM: Sensory Reach brain, Relay in CNS, Motor Move muscles.
神经元 – 感觉神经元（从感受器传递信号到CNS），联络神经元（在CNS内连接感觉和运动），运动神经元（从CNS传递信号到效应器）。记忆SRM：感觉抵达大脑，联络在CNS，运动移动肌肉。
Synaptic transmission – Neurotransmitters released from presynaptic terminal cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron. Excitation makes firing more likely; inhibition makes it less likely. Imagine lock and key: neurotransmitter = key.
突触传递 – 神经递质从前突触末梢释放，穿过突触间隙，与后突触神经元受体结合。兴奋增加放电可能性；抑制降低可能性。想象锁和钥匙：神经递质 = 钥匙。
7. Approaches in Psychology: Key Perspectives | 心理学流派：关键视角
Psychodynamic approach (Freud) – The unconscious mind drives behaviour. Structure: id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle) and superego (morality). Defence mechanisms (repression, displacement) protect the ego. Mnemonic: “Id = I want, Ego = I think, Superego = I should”.
心理动力学流派（弗洛伊德） – 无意识驱动行为。结构：本我（快乐原则），自我（现实原则），超我（道德原则）。防御机制（压抑、移置）保护自我。记忆：“本我：我要，自我：我思考，超我：我应该”。
Behaviourist approach – Only observable behaviour measured. Classical conditioning (Pavlov): association between neutral stimulus and reflex. Operant conditioning (Skinner): learning through consequences. Reinforcement (positive/negative) increases behaviour; punishment decreases it. Mnemonic: “Classic Pavlov, Operate Skinner Box”.
行为主义流派 – 只测量可观察行为。经典条件作用（巴甫洛夫）：中性刺激与反射的联结。操作性条件作用（斯金纳）：通过后果学习。强化（正/负）增加行为；惩罚减少行为。记忆：“经典巴甫洛夫，操作斯金纳箱”。
Cognitive approach – Focuses on internal mental processes (inference). Uses computer analogy: input → processing → output. Schemas are mental frameworks that organise knowledge. Mnemonic: “Cognition = Computer inside the mind”.
认知流派 – 关注内部心理过程（推理）。使用计算机类比：输入→加工→输出。图式是组织知识的心理框架。记忆：“Cognition = 头脑内的计算机”。
Biological approach – Behaviour explained by genes, neurochemistry, brain structures. Genotype is genetic code; phenotype is observable traits influenced by environment. Remember: Genotype = Genetic script, Phenotype = Physical appearance.
生物流派 – 行为由基因、神经化学、大脑结构解释。基因型是遗传密码；表现型是受环境影响的可见特质。记忆：基因型 = 遗传脚本，表现型 = 身体外形。
8. Memory Techniques for Psychological Terms | 心理学术语记忆技巧
Acronyms – Create a word from the first letters, e.g. BEC for Behavioural-Emotional-Cognitive characteristics of phobias, or CCF for minority influence. Ensure your acronym is vivid and pronounceable.
首字母缩略词 – 取每个词的第一个字母组成单词，例如BEC代表恐惧症的行为-情绪-认知特征，或CCF代表少数人影响。确保缩写生动且可发音。
Association and imagery – Link a new term to a familiar image. For ‘internal working model’, picture a blueprinted relationship template. For ‘obedience = order’, imagine a general shouting orders. The more bizarre the image, the better recall.
联想与意象 – 将新术语与熟悉的图像联系起来。对于“内部工作模型”，想象一张蓝图般的恋爱模板。对于“obedience = order”，想象一位将军呼喊命令。图像越奇异，回忆效果越好。
Chunking – Group related terms. Store
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