📚 AS CIE Science: A Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Terms | AS CIE 科学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering scientific terminology is the hidden superpower behind every top-grade script in AS CIE Science. Whether you are dissecting a Mechanics question, balancing a tricky chemical equation, or labelling a eukaryotic cell, the precise use of vocabulary instantly communicates understanding to the examiner. This guide selects the most frequently tested terms from Physics, Chemistry and Biology and pairs them with simple memory hooks, so you can recall and apply them under pressure.
精通科学术语是 AS CIE 科学取得高分的隐藏超能力。无论你是在剖析力学问题、配平棘手的化学方程式，还是在标注真核细胞结构，精准使用词汇能立刻向考官传递你的理解深度。本指南从物理、化学和生物中精选了最高频考查的术语，并配以简单的记忆钩子，帮助你在压力下快速回忆和运用。
1. Kinematics and Dynamics | 运动学与动力学
AS Physics begins with describing motion. Terms like displacement, velocity and acceleration are easy to confuse if you only think about ‘how fast’. The key is to distinguish scalars from vectors and to picture the gradient of a graph.
AS 物理始于对运动的描述。如果你只想着“有多快”，位移、速度和加速度这些术语很容易混淆。关键在于区分标量和矢量，并在脑海中联想图像的斜率。
Term: Displacement – The shortest straight-line distance from start to finish in a stated direction. It is a vector. Trick: ‘dis-‘ implies apart, so you are measuring how far apart the two positions are, and the arrow tells the direction.
术语：位移 – 从起点到终点的最短直线距离，并带有方向。它是个矢量。记忆窍门：“dis-”有分开之意，所以你测量的是两个位置相隔多远，箭头则指明方向。
Term: Velocity – Rate of change of displacement. It is a vector, whereas speed is the scalar equivalent. Visualise velocity as speed with a determined personality – it always knows where it is heading.
术语：速度 – 位移的变化率。它是一个矢量，而速率是标量。可以把速度想象成有方向的速率——它总是知道自己要去哪里。
Term: Acceleration – Rate of change of velocity. Its formula a = Δv / Δt reminds you that it measures how quickly velocity changes, not just a change in speed. Even if an object moves at constant speed in a circle, it accelerates because the direction of velocity changes.
术语：加速度 – 速度的变化率。公式 a = Δv / Δt 提醒你，它衡量的是速度变化得多快，而不是单纯速率的改变。即使物体以恒定速率做圆周运动，它也在加速，因为速度的方向在改变。
2. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Forces explain why motion changes. The three laws of Newton are deceptively simple, yet AS examiners love to test them through free-body diagrams and equilibrium problems.
力解释了为什么运动状态会改变。牛顿三定律看似简单，但 AS 考官喜欢通过受力分析图和平衡问题来考查它们。
Term: Net force (resultant force) – The single force that represents the vector sum of all forces acting on an object. When net force is zero, the object remains in its current state of motion. Think of a tug-of-war: if both teams pull equally, the rope does not accelerate.
术语：净力（合力）– 代表作用在物体上所有力的矢量和的单一力。当净力为零时，物体保持原有运动状态。想象一场拔河比赛：如果双方用力相当，绳子就不会加速。
Term: Inertia – The tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion. It is linked directly to mass, not speed. A simple memory cue: the heavier the sleeping cat, the harder it is to push off the sofa – that is inertia at work.
术语：惯性 – 物体抵抗运动状态变化的倾向。它与质量直接相关，与速度无关。一个简单的记忆线索：睡着的猫越重，就越难把它推下沙发——这就是惯性在起作用。
Newton’s Second Law is often expressed as F = m a. The net force F causes an acceleration a on a mass m. If mass doubles, acceleration halves for the same net force. This proportionality helps you understand why a lighter car accelerates faster.
牛顿第二定律常表示为 F = m a。净力 F 在质量 m 上产生加速度 a。如果质量翻倍，净力相同的情况下加速度减半。这种正比关系帮助你理解为什么较轻的汽车加速更快。
3. Wave Phenomena | 波动现象
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. The vocabulary of waves – wavelength, frequency, amplitude – is used across both sound and light, making it essential for the AS exam.
波动传递能量而不传递物质。波的术语——波长、频率、振幅——在声波和光波中都会用到，对 AS 考试至关重要。
Term: Wavelength (λ) – The distance between two consecutive points that are in phase, such as crest to crest. Measured in metres. Picture the Greek letter λ as a stretched spring, a neat reminder that it is about length.
术语：波长 (λ) – 相邻两个同相点（如波峰到波峰）之间的距离。单位为米。把希腊字母 λ 想象成一根拉伸的弹簧，形象地提醒你它与长度有关。
Term: Frequency (f) – The number of complete oscillations per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Use the link ‘frequent’ – high frequency means waves arrive frequently, just like frequent buses.
术语：频率 (f) – 每秒完整振动的次数，单位为赫兹 (Hz)。利用英文单词 frequent（频繁的）来联想——高频率意味着波来得频繁，就像班次密集的公交车。
The wave speed equation is v = f λ. If you can sketch a wave and label λ, this relationship becomes intuitive: speed equals how often a wave oscillates multiplied by how long each oscillation is.
波速方程为 v = f λ。如果你能画出波形并标出 λ，这个关系就变得直观了：波速等于每秒振动的次数乘以每次振动的长度。
4. Electric Circuits | 电路
Electricity can feel abstract, but three quantities – current, voltage and resistance – form the backbone of circuit analysis. Getting their definitions crystal-clear prevents sign errors and confusion later.
电学可能显得有些抽象，但电流、电压和电阻这三个量构成了电路分析的支柱。彻底弄清它们的定义可以避免符号错误和日后的混淆。
Term: Current (I) – The rate of flow of electric charge. Think of it as the number of charged particles passing a point per second. A simple water analogy: current is the volume of water flowing through a pipe per second.
术语：电流 (I) – 电荷流动的速率。把它想象成每秒通过某点的带电粒子数量。一个简单的水流类比：电流就像每秒钟流过水管的水量。
Term: Voltage (potential difference) – The work done per unit charge to move charges between two points. It provides the ‘push’ that drives current. In the water analogy, voltage corresponds to the water pressure difference.
术语：电压（电势差）– 将单位电荷在两处之间移动时所做的功。它提供驱动电流的“推力”。在水流类比中，电压对应水压差。
Resistance (R) is defined by R = V / I. A high resistance means even a large voltage produces only a small current. Imagine walking through a crowded corridor – the friction you feel is resistance, and more people mean more resistance.
电阻 (R) 由 R = V / I 定义。高电阻意味着即使电压很大，产生的电流也很小。想象穿过一条拥挤的走廊——你感受到的摩擦力就是电阻，人越多，电阻越大。
5. Atomic Physics | 原子物理
Atoms may be tiny, but the vocabulary describing their nucleus, isotopes and decay processes carries huge weight in AS Physics. These terms also appear in Chemistry, so learning them once benefits two subjects.
原子虽小，但描述其原子核、同位素和衰变过程的词汇在 AS 物理中分量很重。这些术语也会出现在化学中，因此一次学会，两科受益。
Term: Isotopes – Atoms of the same element with the same proton number but different neutron numbers. They share chemical properties but have different physical masses. Use the mnemonic ‘iso–’ means ‘same’ – same protons, different neutrons.
术语：同位素 – 同种元素中质子数相同但中子数不同的原子。它们化学性质相同，但物理质量不同。利用词根记忆：“iso-”表示“相同”——相同质子数，不同中子数。
Term: Half-life – The average time taken for half the nuclei in a sample to decay. It is a statistical concept and is unaffected by temperature or pressure. Imagine a pile of popcorn kernels popping randomly; after one half-life, half the unpopped kernels have popped.
术语：半衰期 – 样品中一半原子核发生衰变所需的平均时间。这是一个统计概念，不受温度或压强影响。想象一堆玉米粒随机爆开；经过一个半衰期，未爆开的玉米粒将有一半爆开。
Radioactive decay is random and spontaneous. The nucleus emits an alpha particle (α, ⁴₂He), a beta particle (β⁻, an electron) or gamma radiation (γ). Think of an unstable nucleus as an overstuffed suitcase that eventually flings out something to become more stable.
放射性衰变是随机且自发的。原子核会发射出一个 α 粒子 (⁴₂He)、一个 β⁻ 粒子（电子）或 γ 辐射。可以把不稳定的原子核想象成一个塞得太满的行李箱，最终会甩出些东西来变得更稳定。
6. Chemical Bonding | 化学键
Understanding why atoms join together is fundamental to AS Chemistry. Ionic, covalent and metallic bonding are characterised by how electrons are shared or transferred, and these terms directly explain physical properties like melting point and conductivity.
理解原子为什么会结合在一起是 AS 化学的基础。离子键、共价键和金属键的特征在于电子是共享还是转移，这些术语直接解释了熔点、导电性等物理性质。
Term: Ionic bonding – The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer. Sodium loses an electron to become Na⁺, chlorine gains it to become Cl⁻, and the Na⁺Cl⁻ lattice is born. ‘Ionic’ sounds like ‘I on’ – ions strongly attracted to each other.
术语：离子键 – 由电子转移形成的带相反电荷的离子之间的静电吸引力。钠失去一个电子变为 Na⁺，氯得到一个电子变为 Cl⁻，Na⁺Cl⁻ 晶格就此形成。“Ionic”听起来像“I on”——强烈的彼此吸引。
Term: Covalent bonding – The sharing of electron pairs between atoms. A single covalent bond involves one shared pair. Picture two friends linking arms – they share something to walk together. The shared electrons hold the nuclei together.
术语：共价键 – 原子之间共享电子对。一个单共价键涉及一对共享电子。想象两位朋友挽着手臂——他们分享某些东西以便一起行走。共享的电子将原子核拉在一起。
Metallic bonding is the attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons. This sea gives metals their electrical conductivity and malleability. Remember: ‘metal is a sea of electrons’ – and electrons in a sea flow easily.
金属键是正金属离子晶格与离域电子海之间的吸引力。这片电子海赋予了金属导电性和可锻性。记住：“金属是一片电子海”——海中电子流动自如。
7. The Mole and Stoichiometry | 摩尔与化学计量
Stoichiometry is the language of chemical quantities. The mole bridges the laboratory scale with the atomic scale, and failing to master it early leads to persistent calculation errors in AS Chemistry.
化学计量是化学量的语言。摩尔在实验室规模与原子尺度之间架起桥梁，如果早期不掌握它，就会在 AS 化学中持续出现计算错误。
Term: Mole (mol) – The amount of substance containing exactly 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant). Think of a mole as a ‘chemical dozen’, but instead of 12 eggs, it is 6.02 × 10²³ atoms, molecules or ions.
术语：摩尔 (mol) – 含有恰好 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）的物质的量。可以把摩尔想象成一个“化学打”，但不是 12 个鸡蛋，而是 6.02 × 10²³ 个原子、分子或离子。
Term: Molar mass (M) – The mass of one mole of a substance, in g mol⁻¹. Numerically equal to the relative atomic or formula mass. A quick check: the atomic mass on the periodic table in grams becomes the molar mass. Carbon-12 has M = 12 g mol⁻¹.
术语：摩尔质量 (M) – 一摩尔物质的质量，单位为 g mol⁻¹。在数值上等于相对原子质量或化学式量。快速核查：元素周期表上以克计的原子质量就是摩尔质量。碳-12 的 M = 12 g mol⁻¹。
The mole equation is n = m / M, where n is the amount in moles, m is mass in grams, and M is molar mass. The relationship mirrors ‘how many rolls can I buy with my money’ – dividing total mass by mass per mole gives the number of moles.
摩尔公式为 n = m / M，其中 n 是物质的量（摩尔），m 是质量（克），M 是摩尔质量。这个关系类似于“用我的钱能买多少卷卫生纸”——总质量除以每摩尔的质量得到摩尔数。
8. Cell Organelles | 细胞器
AS Biology brings you inside the cell. Organelles are the tiny functional units, and each has a distinct role. Memorising their names and functions is far easier when you use simple analogies that match the organelle’s job.
AS 生物带你进入细胞内部。细胞器是微小的功能单元，每个都有独特的角色。使用与细胞器功能相匹配的简单类比，记忆它们的名字和功能就容易得多。
Term: Mitochondrion – The site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced. It is the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell, but remember it has a double membrane and cristae to increase surface area. Picture a battery factory with folded conveyor belts.
术语：线粒体 – 有氧呼吸的场所，产生 ATP。它是细胞的“发电站”，但请记住它有双层膜和嵴，以增加表面积。想象一个带有折叠传送带的电池工厂。
Term: Ribosome – Tiny organelle made of rRNA and protein, responsible for protein synthesis. Ribosomes read mRNA and assemble amino acids. Think of them as 3D printers that follow a genetic code to build proteins.
术语：核糖体 – 由 rRNA 和蛋白质构成的微小细胞器，负责蛋白质合成。核糖体读取 mRNA 并组装氨基酸。可以把它们想象成遵循遗传密码来构建蛋白质的 3D 打印机。
The nucleus stores genetic material and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores. It is the ‘control centre’. A useful reminder: the nucleus contains the DNA blueprint; just as a library holds the master plans for a building, the nucleus holds the instructions for the whole cell.
细胞核储存遗传物质，由带有核孔的核膜包围。它是“控制中心”。一个有用的提示：细胞核含有 DNA 蓝图；就像图书馆保存着建筑的总体规划，细胞核保存着整个细胞的指令。
9. Biological Macromolecules | 生物大分子
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are the building blocks of life, and AS exam questions repeatedly test their structure, bonds and functions. Recognising the monomers and the type of bond linking them is a fast track to correct answers.
碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂质是生命的构建块，AS 考题反复考查它们的结构、化学键和功能。识别单体及其连接键的类型是快速得出正确答案的捷径。
Term: Carbohydrate – Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, usually with the general formula Cₓ(H₂O)ᵧ. Monosaccharides like glucose are the simplest units. The name hints at ‘hydrated carbon’, which helps recall the water ratio in the formula.
术语：碳水化合物 – 由碳、氢、氧组成的有机化合物，通式一般为 Cₓ(H₂O)ᵧ。单糖如葡萄糖是最简单的单元。名称暗示了“水合碳”，有助于回忆分子式中的水比例。
Term: Protein – A polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The sequence of amino acids determines the protein’s shape and function. Picture a be
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