AS Edexcel Business: Quick Terminology Memorisation Guide | AS Edexcel 商务：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS Edexcel Business: Quick Terminology Memorisation Guide | AS Edexcel 商务：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering AS Edexcel Business terminology does not have to be a dull memorisation chore. This guide organises key terms into logical categories, pairs them with memorable examples, and offers clever mnemonics so you can move from simple recall to confident application in your exam essays and data-response questions.

掌握 AS Edexcel 商务术语不一定是枯燥的死记硬背。本指南将核心词汇按逻辑分类，搭配生动的示例和巧妙的助记法，帮助你在考试论文和案例题中从简单回忆提升到自信应用。

1. Marketing Mix Terms: 4Ps and 7Ps | 市场营销组合术语：4Ps 与 7Ps

The marketing mix is the blend of controllable elements a business uses to meet customer needs and influence demand. The traditional 4Ps are Product, Price, Place and Promotion. For service-based businesses, three additional Ps – People, Process and Physical Evidence – complete the extended 7Ps.

市场营销组合是企业用来满足顾客需求并影响需求的可控要素组合。传统的 4Ps 是产品、价格、渠道和促销。对于服务型企业，另外三个 P——人员、流程和有形展示——构成完整的 7Ps。

Memorisation trick: create a silly sentence such as “Please Put Pigs In Pink Pyjamas, People”. Each word stands for Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, Physical Evidence. This story-based mnemonic locks the 7Ps into your long-term memory far more effectively than rote repetition.

记忆窍门：编一个荒诞的句子，比如 “请把猪放进粉色睡衣里，大家”。每个词依次代表产品、价格、渠道、促销、人员、流程和有形展示。这种故事型助记法比机械重复更能将 7Ps 刻入长期记忆。

English Term	中文术语	Quick Prompt
Product	产品	Good or service that meets a want
Price	价格	Amount customer pays; strategies include cost-plus, penetration, skimming
Place	渠道	How the product reaches the consumer (online, retail, wholesaler)
Promotion	促销	Communication mix: advertising, sales promotions, PR, direct marketing
People	人员	Employees delivering the service; training and attitude matter
Process	流程	Systems to deliver the experience consistently
Physical Evidence	有形展示	Tangible cues like brochure, website, packaging

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2. Market Segmentation & Targeting | 市场细分与目标市场

Market segmentation divides a broad market into subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics. The four classic segmentation bases are demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioural. Targeting then selects the most attractive segment(s) to serve.

市场细分是将广阔的市场划分为具有共同需求或特征的消费者子集。四个经典细分依据是人口统计、地理、心理和行为。随后选择最具吸引力的细分市场作为目标市场。

To memorise these four bases, think “Demographic Geese Pick Bananas” – Demographic, Geographic, Psychographic, Behavioural. Visualise geese in different clothes (demographic), in different lands (geographic), with distinct personalities (psychographic), and choosing bananas in unique ways (behavioural).

为了记住这四个依据，可以联想 “人口统计的鹅摘香蕉”——人口统计 (Demographic)、地理 (Geographic)、心理 (Psychographic)、行为 (Behavioural)。想象穿着不同衣服的鹅 (人口统计)，在不同的国度 (地理)，有着鲜明的个性 (心理)，并以独特的方式挑选香蕉 (行为)。

When linking terms, always classify examples: age and income are demographic; region and urban/rural are geographic; lifestyle and values are psychographic; loyalty and occasion are behavioural.

关联词汇时务必分类：年龄和收入属于人口统计；地区和城乡属于地理；生活方式和价值观属于心理；忠诚度和购买时机属于行为。

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3. Market Research Techniques | 市场调研方法

Primary research gathers original data first-hand (surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation). Secondary research uses already published data (market reports, government statistics, internal sales records). You must also distinguish between quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (descriptive) information.

一手调研直接收集原始数据（问卷、访谈、焦点小组、观察）。二手调研使用已发布的数据（市场报告、政府统计数据、内部销售记录）。你还必须区分定量（数值型）和定性（描述型）信息。

A quick memory aid: “Primary = Picked Personally; Secondary = Someone Searched”. For quantitative/qualitative, think “Quantity has ‘quan’ like number” and “Quality tells a story”.

快速记忆助手：“Primary = 亲自采集 (Picked Personally)；Secondary = 别人搜索的 (Someone Searched)”。对于定量和定性，想想 “Quantity 里有 ‘quan’ 像数字”，而 “Quality 在讲故事”。

Sampling methods: random, stratified, quota, convenience. Picture ‘S’ for stratified (divide into strata, then pick proportionally), ‘Q’ for quota (quickly find a set number per group), and ‘C’ for convenience (chat with whoever is nearby).

抽样方法：随机、分层、配额、便利抽样。想象 ‘S’ 是分层（分层后再按比例抽取），’Q’ 是配额（快速找到各组规定数量），’C’ 是便利（顺手抓附近的人聊天）。

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4. Human Resource Flow & Metrics | 人力资源流动与指标

Businesses track labour turnover, absenteeism and productivity to gauge workforce health. High labour turnover signals dissatisfaction; high absenteeism points to low morale or health issues; productivity measures output per employee.

企业追踪员工流失率、缺勤率和生产率以衡量员工队伍的健康状况。高流失率意味着不满；高缺勤率表明士气低落或健康问题；生产率衡量每名员工的产出。

Labour turnover (%) = (Number of employees leaving ÷ Average number of employees) × 100

员工流失率 (%) = (离职员工数 ÷ 平均员工数) × 100

Absenteeism rate (%) = (Days absent ÷ Total possible working days) × 100

缺勤率 (%) = (缺勤天数 ÷ 总应出勤天数) × 100

To remember the formulas, use ‘L’ for leaving and ‘A’ for absent. Labour turnover uses ‘leaving’ on top, while absenteeism uses ‘absent’ on top. Both are percentages, so multiply by 100.

记忆公式时，用 ‘L’ 代表离职 (leaving)，’A’ 代表缺勤 (absent)。流失率上面是离职人数，缺勤率上面是缺勤天数。两者都是百分比，所以乘以 100。

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5. Motivation Theories at a Glance | 激励理论速览

Taylor’s scientific management focuses on piece-rate pay and financial incentives, assuming workers are motivated solely by money. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs progresses from physiological to self-actualisation. Herzberg’s two-factor theory splits motivators (achievement, recognition) from hygiene factors (pay, conditions).

泰勒的科学管理理论关注计件工资和金钱奖励，假设员工只为钱而工作。马斯洛需求层次从生理需求上升到自我实现。赫茨伯格的双因素理论将激励因素（成就、认可）与保健因素（薪酬、工作条件）分开。

Create a three-column mental table: Taylor = ‘Money mover’; Maslow = ‘Pyramid climb’; Herzberg = ‘Hygiene vs Motivator’. For Maslow’s levels, use the mnemonic “Please Say Love And Self”: Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualisation.

在脑海中画一个三列表格：泰勒 = ‘金钱驱动’；马斯洛 = ‘爬金字塔’；赫茨伯格 = ‘保健 vs 激励’。对马斯洛的层级，可用助记句 “请说爱与自我”：生理、安全、归属/爱、尊重、自我实现。

For Herzberg, think of hygiene factors as the ‘baseline’ – if they are missing, dissatisfaction rises, but fixing them alone does not motivate. Motivators are the ‘engine’ that drives genuine engagement.

对于赫茨伯格，把保健因素看作 ‘基准线’——缺少它们会导致不满，但仅仅改善它们并不能激励人。激励因素才是驱动真正投入的 ‘引擎’。

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6. Business Finance: Profit, Liquidity & Ratios | 企业财务：利润、流动性及比率

Gross profit = Sales revenue – Cost of sales. Net profit = Gross profit – Expenses. Profitability ratios (gross profit margin, net profit margin, ROCE) measure returns, while liquidity ratios (current ratio, acid test/quick ratio) assess short-term survival ability.

毛利 = 销售收入 – 销售成本。净利润 = 毛利 – 费用。盈利能力比率（毛利率、净利率、已用资本回报率）衡量回报，流动性比率（流动比率、酸性测试/速动比率）评估短期生存能力。

Gross Profit Margin = (Gross Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100

毛利率 = (毛利 ÷ 收入) × 100

Current Ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities

流动比率 = 流动资产 ÷ 流动负债

Acid Test Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventories) ÷ Current Liabilities

速动比率 = (流动资产 – 存货) ÷ 流动负债

Picture the Acid Test as a ‘quick check’ – you strip out slow-moving inventory to see if you can pay debts tomorrow. The word ‘acid’ hints at immediate, corrosive pressure. A ratio of 1:1 is often considered safe for the current ratio, while 0.8:1 may be acceptable for the acid test.

把酸性测试想象成一次 ‘快速检查’——剥离滞销的存货，看看明天能不能还债。’酸性’ 一词暗示即时的、腐蚀性压力。流动比率通常认为 1:1 安全，酸性测试 0.8:1 也许可接受。

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7. Break-Even & Budgeting | 盈亏平衡与预算

The break-even point is where total revenue equals total costs, resulting in zero profit. Contribution per unit = Selling price – Variable cost per unit. Break-even output = Fixed costs ÷ Contribution per unit. Margin of safety is the amount by which expected sales exceed break-even output.

盈亏平衡点是指总收入等于总成本，利润为零的点。单位贡献 = 售价 – 单位可变成本。盈亏平衡产量 = 固定成本 ÷ 单位贡献。安全边际是预期销售额超出盈亏平衡产量的差额。

Use the ‘contribution bridge’ image: each unit sold ‘bridges’ the gap to cover fixed costs. Margin of safety is like a cushion – the bigger it is, the lower the risk of slipping into a loss.

使用 ‘贡献桥梁’ 图像：每卖出一单位产品就像搭桥跨向覆盖固定成本。安全边际如同一个垫子——越大，滑向亏损的风险越低。

Budgets are financial plans for income and expenditure. Variance analysis compares budgeted figures with actual results; a favourable variance means higher revenue or lower cost than planned, while adverse is the opposite. Think ‘favourable = good for profit, adverse = bad for profit’.

预算是关于收入和支出的财务计划。差异分析将预算数字与实际结果进行比较；有利差异表示收入高于计划或成本低于计划，不利差异则相反。记住 ‘有利 = 对利润好，不利 = 对利润坏’。

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8. Operations & Quality Management | 运营与质量管理

Operations management converts inputs (resources) into outputs (goods/services). Key terms include productivity (output per input), capacity utilisation (actual output as a percentage of maximum possible output), lean production (eliminating waste), and just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing.

运营管理将投入（资源）转化为产出（商品/服务）。关键术语包括生产率（单位投入的产出）、产能利用率（实际产出占最大可能产出的百分比）、精益生产（消除浪费）和准时制生产 (JIT)。

Capacity Utilisation = (Actual Output ÷ Maximum Possible Output) × 100

产能利用率 = (实际产出 ÷ 最大可能产出) × 100

JIT is ‘Just In Time’, meaning raw materials arrive exactly when needed, reducing storage costs. Contrast with ‘Just In Case’ – holding buffer stock. For quality, quality control inspects finished products, whereas quality assurance builds quality into every step. TQM (Total Quality Management) is a company-wide cultural commitment to continuous improvement.

JIT 是 ‘准时制’，指原材料恰好在需要时到达，降低仓储成本。与 ‘以防万一’ 的缓冲存货对比。在质量方面，质量控制是检验最终产品，而质量保证是把质量构建到每个环节。TQM（全面质量管理）是全公司对持续改进的文化承诺。

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9. External Influences: PESTLE & Competition | 外部影响：PESTLE 与竞争

PESTLE analysis examines Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental/Ecological factors affecting a business. This external audit helps managers anticipate changes rather than simply react.

PESTLE 分析考察影响企业的政治、经济、社会、技术、法律和环境/生态因素。这种外部审计有助于管理者预见变化，而非简单应对。

A classic mnemonic sentence: “Please Eat Some Tasty Lettuce Every day” – Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental. Picture a rabbit (business) munching on organic lettuce to stay healthy; missing one PESTLE factor means the rabbit might fall ill.

经典的助记句：“请每天吃些美味生菜”——政治、经济、社会、技术、法律、环境。想象一只兔子（企业）每天啃有机生菜保持健康；漏掉一个 PESTLE 因素兔子就可能生病。

Competition terms: direct competition (identical products), indirect competition (substitute products), monopoly (single seller), oligopoly (few dominant firms), perfect competition (many small firms, homogeneous products). Link ‘mono’ with one, ‘oli’ with a few. Remember that in an oligopoly, firms are interdependent – each move affects rivals.

竞争术语：直接竞争（同类产品）、间接竞争（替代产品）、垄断（单一卖家）、寡头垄断（少数主导企业）、完全竞争（众多小企业、同质产品）。’mono’ 联想一，’oli’ 联想少数。记住在寡头垄断中，企业相互依存——每一个动作都影响对手。

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10. Acronyms & Quick Mnemonics Toolkit | 缩略词与快速助记工具箱

Many AS Business marks hinge on correctly using acronyms such as SMART, USP, SWOT and B2B/B2C. Turn these into instant mental flashcards:

许多 AS 商务分数取决于正确使用诸如 SMART、USP、SWOT 和 B

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