AS Edexcel Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | AS Edexcel 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册

📚 AS Edexcel Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | AS Edexcel 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册

Welcome to the ultimate quick-reference guide that treats the core grammar of AS Edexcel Spanish as a system of formulas and theorems. Just as in mathematics, each rule can be condensed into a reliable pattern, allowing you to apply it instantly in reading, writing, and speaking tasks. This handbook gathers every essential ‘formula’ – from verb conjugations to pronoun ordering – ensuring that you have a clear, exam-focused toolkit at your fingertips.

欢迎使用这本把 AS Edexcel 西班牙语核心语法视作公式与定理体系的终极速查手册。就像数学一样，每一条规则都可以浓缩为一个可靠的模式，让你在阅读、写作和口语中迅速调用。本手册汇集了所有必备“公式”——从动词变位到代词顺序——确保你拥有一套清晰且紧扣考纲的工具箱。

1. Noun Gender and Articles | 名词性别与冠词

Every Spanish noun belongs to one of two genders: masculine or feminine. The definite articles (the) are el (m. sg.), la (f. sg.), los (m. pl.) and las (f. pl.). The indefinite articles (a/an/some) are un, una, unos, unas. The majority of nouns ending in -o are masculine, and those ending in -a are feminine, but you must learn key exceptions such as el día, la mano and el problema.

每一个西班牙语名词都属于阳性和阴性两类之一。定冠词为 el（阳性单数）、la（阴性单数）、los（阳性复数）和 las（阴性复数）。不定冠词为 un, una, unos, unas。通常以 -o 结尾的名词为阳性，以 -a 结尾的为阴性，但必须记住关键例外，如 el día、la mano 和 el problema。

Article + Noun Agreement Formula: [article] + [noun] must share gender and number

冠词与名词一致公式：[冠词] + [名词] 必须在性和数上保持一致

This theorem extends to demonstratives and possessives: este chico, esa chica, nuestros libros. In the exam, always check the noun ending first, apply the article, and then ensure any adjectives follow suit.

这一定理也适用于指示形容词和物主形容词：este chico、esa chica、nuestros libros。在考试中，先判断名词词尾，套用冠词，再确保任何形容词都与之配合。

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2. Adjective Agreement | 形容词一致规则

Adjectives must match the noun they describe in both gender and number. The basic formula for adjectives ending in -o uses four forms: -o (m. sg.), -a (f. sg.), -os (m. pl.), -as (f. pl.). Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant have a single form for masculine and feminine singular, adding -s for plural or -es if they already end in a consonant: interesante → interesantes, joven → jóvenes.

形容词必须在性和数上与所修饰的名词一致。以 -o 结尾的形容词基本公式具有四种变体：-o（阳性单数）、-a（阴性单数）、-os（阳性复数）、-as（阴性复数）。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词阴阳性同形，复数加 -s，若本就以辅音结尾则加 -es：interesante → interesantes，joven → jóvenes。

General Adjective Formula: STEM + (o/a/os/as) or STEM + (es/s)

一般形容词公式：词干 + (o/a/os/as) 或 词干 + (es/s)

Position is another theorem: descriptive adjectives normally follow the noun (una casa blanca), while limiting adjectives such as numbers, possessives, and certain short forms (bueno, malo, grande) precede it. Note that grande before a noun shortens to gran and means ‘great’, whereas after it means ‘large’.

位置是另一条定则：描述性形容词通常后置于名词（una casa blanca），而限定性形容词如数词、物主词及某些短形式（bueno, malo, grande）则前置。注意 grande 在各词前短尾成 gran，意为“伟大的”，而在名词后保持原形，意为“大的”。

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3. Present Tense: Regular Verbs | 现在时：规则动词变位公式

The present indicative is built by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and attaching the following personal endings. This is the most fundamental verb formula in Spanish.

现在时陈述式通过去掉不定式词尾（-ar, -er, -ir）并加上下列人称词尾来构成。这是西班牙语中最基础的动词公式。

-ar verbs: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

-er verbs: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en

-ir verbs: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en

-ar 动词：-o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

-er 动词：-o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en

-ir 动词：-o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en

Beyond these regular patterns, the exam demands mastery of key irregulars: ser (soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son), estar (estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están), ir (voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van), tener (tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen), hacer (hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen) and stem‑changing verbs like pensar (e → ie) and poder (o → ue). Learn these as special theorems.

除了这些规则模式，考试还要求掌握关键的不规则动词：ser（soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son）、estar（estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están）、ir（voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van）、tener（tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen）、hacer（hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen）以及像 pensar（e → ie）与 poder（o → ue）这样的词干变化动词。将这些作为特殊定理来记忆。

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4. Preterite vs Imperfect: Past Tense Formulas | 简单过去时与未完成过去时：过去时公式

The preterite (pretérito) expresses completed past actions. Its regular formula is straightforward but requires accurate stress marks.

简单过去时表达完成的过去动作。其规则公式不难，但必须正确标注重音符号。

-ar: -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron

-er/-ir: -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron

-ar：-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron

-er/-ir：-í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron

The imperfect (imperfecto) is the tense of description, habit and ongoing past. Its endings are remarkably uniform.

未完成过去时用于描写、习惯和过去正在进行的动作。其词尾非常统一。

-ar: -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban

-er/-ir: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían

-ar：-aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban

-er/-ir：-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían

The selection theorem: use the preterite for actions seen as complete, with a definite beginning/end, and in chains of events. Use the imperfect for weather, time, age, emotional states, repeated actions and background settings. Trigger words like ayer, el año pasado signal preterite; siempre, todos los días, mientras signal imperfect.

选择定理：将动作视为已完成、有明确起止点或在连续事件链中使用简单过去时；天气、时间、年龄、情绪状态、重复行为和背景描述则用未完成过去时。像 ayer、el año pasado 等触发词表示简单过去时；siempre、todos los días、mientras 则表示未完成过去时。

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5. Future and Conditional: Compound Formulas | 将来时与条件式：合成公式

Both the future and the conditional are formed by attaching endings directly to the full infinitive. Only a handful of irregular stems exist, making these tenses highly predictable.

将来时和条件式都是将词尾直接加在整个不定式后构成，仅有少量不规则词干，因此这两个时态的可预测性很强。

Future = Infinitive + (é, ás, á, emos, éis, án)

Conditional = Infinitive + (ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían)

将来时 = 不定式 + (é, ás, á, emos, éis, án)

条件式 = 不定式 + (ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían)

Irregular stems drop the infinitive vowel or modify the root, but the endings remain identical: decir → dir-, haber → habr-, poder → podr-, poner → pondr-, querer → querr-, saber → sabr-, salir → saldr-, tener → tendr-, venir → vendr-. Learn these stems as exceptional theorems; the endings never change.

不规则词干会省去不定式元音或改变词根，但词尾始终不变：decir → dir-、haber → habr-、poder → podr-、poner → pondr-、querer → querr-、saber → sabr-、salir → saldr-、tener → tendr-、venir → vendr-。将这些词干作为特例定理记忆；词尾永远不变。

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6. Present Subjunctive: Trigger Formulas | 现在虚拟式：触发公式

The present subjunctive mood appears in subordinate clauses after specific triggers. Its formation formula is derived from the first‑person singular (yo) of the present indicative: drop the final -o and add the opposite vowel.

现在虚拟语气在特定的触发词之后出现于从属子句中。其构成公式由陈述式现在时第一人称单数（yo）推导而来：去掉末尾 -o，加上相反的元音。

Subjunctive formula: YO form – o + opposite endings

-ar: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en

-er/-ir: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

虚拟式公式：YO 形去 o + 相反词尾

-ar：-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en

-er/-ir：-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

The trigger theorem can be remembered by WEIRDO: Wishes (querer que), Emotions (me alegra que), Impersonal expressions (es importante que), Recommendations (recomendar que), Doubt/Denial (dudo que), and Ojalá. Whenever the main clause contains a WEIRDO element and there is a change of subject, the subjunctive is required in the que clause.

触发定理可用 WEIRDO 记忆：Wishes（愿望，querer que）、Emotions（情绪，me alegra que）、Impersonal expressions（无人称表达，es importante que）、Recommendations（建议，recomendar que）、Doubt/Denial（怀疑/否定，dudo que）以及 Ojalá。只要主句含有 WEIRDO 要素且主语发生改变，que 引导的子句就需要使用虚拟式。

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7. Commands: Imperative Formulas | 命令式：祈使公式

Commands in Spanish follow strict person‑specific formulas. The affirmative tú command uses the third‑person singular of the present indicative, while negative tú commands, as well as all usted/ustedes and nosotros commands, employ the present subjunctive.

西班牙语的命令式遵循严格的人称专用公式。肯定 tú 命令使用陈述式现在时第三人称单数，而否定 tú 命令以及所有 usted/ustedes 和 nosotros 命令则使用现在虚拟式。

Affirmative tú formula: 3rd person sg. present indicative

hablar → habla, comer → come, vivir → vive

肯定 tú 公式：陈述式现在时第三人称单数

hablar → habla, comer → come, vivir → vive

Eight key irregular tú affirmatives must be memorised: di (decir), haz (hacer), ve (ir), pon (poner), sal (salir), sé (ser), ten (tener), ven (venir). All negative tú commands simply use the tú subjunctive form: no hables, no comas, no vivas.

必须记住八个关键的不规则肯定 tú 命令：di（decir）、haz（hacer）、ve（ir）、pon（poner）、sal（salir）、sé（ser）、ten（tener）、ven（venir）。所有否定 tú 命令均直接使用 tú 的虚拟式形式：no hables, no comas, no vivas。

For formal and plural commands, the formula is simply the corresponding subjunctive: (usted) hable, (ustedes) hablen, (nosotros) hablemos. Pronoun placement is crucial: attach to affirmative commands (dímelo), but place before negative ones (no me lo digas).

对于正式和复数命令，公式即为相应的虚拟式：(usted) hable, (ustedes) hablen, (nosotros) hablemos。代词的位置至关重要：肯定命令中连写在动词后（dímelo），否定命令中则放在动词前（no me lo digas）。

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8. Pronoun Placement and Combinations | 代词位置与组合公式

Direct (lo, la, los, las) and indirect (me, te, le, nos, os, les) object pronouns follow precise ordering and placement theorems. When two pronouns appear together, the indirect precedes the direct, and le/les changes to se before a third‑person direct object.

直接宾语代词（lo, la, los, las）和间接宾语代词（me, te, le, nos, os, les）遵循精确的顺序和位置定理。当两个代词同时出现时，间接宾语置于直接宾语之前，且 le/les 在第三人称直接宾语前变为 se。

Order formula: INDIRECT + DIRECT (se lo, me la, etc.)

顺序公式：间接 + 直接（se lo, me la 等）

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