AS OCR Psychology: Key Terms and Memorisation Guide | AS OCR心理学：核心词汇速记指南

📚 AS OCR Psychology: Key Terms and Memorisation Guide | AS OCR心理学：核心词汇速记指南

Mastering terminology is the foundation of success in AS OCR Psychology. This guide presents key terms across research methods and core studies in paired English–Chinese definitions, with clear explanations designed for quick memorisation.

掌握术语是AS OCR心理学成功的基础。本指南以英汉配对定义的形式呈现研究方法和核心研究中的关键术语，并提供清晰解释，旨在帮助你快速记忆。

1. Research Variables and Hypotheses | 研究变量与假设

Independent Variable (IV): The variable that the researcher deliberately manipulates or changes in order to measure its effect on the dependent variable.

自变量(IV): 研究者为测量其对因变量的影响而刻意操纵或改变的变量。

Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is measured by the researcher; it is expected to change as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable.

因变量(DV): 研究者测量的变量；预计它会因自变量的操纵而发生变化。

Operationalisation: The process of defining variables in precise, measurable terms so that they can be objectively tested. For example, ‘aggression’ could be operationalised as the number of times a child hits a doll.

操作化定义: 用精确、可测量的方式定义变量以便客观检验的过程。例如，’攻击性’可操作化定义为儿童击打玩偶的次数。

Extraneous Variable: Any variable other than the independent variable that might affect the dependent variable if not controlled. These can threaten the validity of an experiment.

外源变量: 除自变量之外任何可能影响因变量的变量，如果不加以控制。它们会威胁实验的效度。

Confounding Variable: A specific type of extraneous variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable, making it impossible to determine which variable caused the effect.

混淆变量: 一种特殊的外源变量，会与自变量一起系统地变化，导致无法确定究竟是哪个变量引起了效应。

Demand Characteristics: Cues in an experimental situation that may reveal the true purpose of the study to participants, causing them to change their behaviour and thus biasing the results.

需求特征: 实验情境中可能向参与者透露研究真实目的线索，导致其改变行为从而影响结果。

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2. Experimental Designs and Controls | 实验设计与控制方法

Independent Measures Design: An experimental design in which different participants are used in each condition of the independent variable. This avoids order effects but can require more participants and may suffer from individual differences between groups.

独立组设计: 自变量的每个条件使用不同参与者的一种实验设计。这能避免顺序效应，但可能需要更多参与者，且可能受到组间个体差异的影响。

Repeated Measures Design: The same participants take part in all conditions of the experiment. This controls for participant variables but can lead to order effects such as practice or fatigue.

重复测量设计: 同一组参与者参加实验的所有条件。这能控制参与者变量，但可能导致练习效应或疲劳效应等顺序效应。

Matched Pairs Design: Participants are paired based on key characteristics relevant to the study, and one member of each pair is randomly assigned to each condition. This reduces participant variables without introducing order effects.

配对组设计: 根据与研究相关的关键特征将参与者配对，每对中的一名成员被随机分配到各条件。这能减少参与者变量，且不引入顺序效应。

Random Allocation: A technique used in independent groups design to assign participants to conditions purely by chance, helping to distribute participant variables evenly across conditions.

随机分配: 在独立组设计中使用的一种技术，纯粹靠机会将参与者分配到各条件，有助于将参与者变量均匀分布。

Counterbalancing: A method used in repeated measures designs to control order effects by varying the order in which participants experience conditions. Half the participants do condition A then B, the other half do B then A.

平衡法: 重复测量设计中用于控制顺序效应的方法，通过改变参与者经历条件的顺序实现。一半参与者先A后B，另一半先B后A。

Order Effects: Changes in participants’ performance that result from repeating tasks, such as practice effects (improvement) or fatigue effects (deterioration).

顺序效应: 由于重复任务而导致的参与者表现变化，例如练习效应（表现改善）或疲劳效应（表现下降）。

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3. Sampling Methods | 抽样方法

Random Sampling: Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. This is the most representative method but can be difficult to achieve in practice.

随机抽样: 目标总体中的每个成员都有均等的机会被选中。这是最具代表性的方法，但在实践中往往很难实现。

Opportunity Sampling: The researcher selects participants who are readily available and willing to take part at the time. This is quick and economical but often produces a biased sample.

机会抽样: 研究者选择那些在当时容易找到且愿意参与的个体。这种方法快速且经济，但容易产生有偏样本。

Volunteer (Self-Selected) Sampling: Participants respond to an advertisement or invitation to take part. This can produce a motivated sample but is prone to volunteer bias.

志愿者(自选)抽样: 参与者通过回应广告或邀请来参加研究。这能产生动机较高的样本，但容易出现志愿者偏差。

Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into meaningful strata (e.g., age groups or gender), and participants are randomly selected from each stratum in proportion to their presence in the population.

分层抽样: 将总体分为有意义的层次（如年龄组或性别），然后按各个层次在总体中所占的比例，从每个层次中随机选取参与者。

Systematic Sampling: A sampling technique where every nth person from a list of the population is chosen after a random start. This can provide a representative spread without a full random selection.

系统抽样: 一种从总体名单中随机起点后每隔n个人进行抽选的抽样技术。这种方式无需完全随机也可获得具有代表性的分布。

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4. Data Collection: Observations and Self-reports | 数据收集：观察法与自陈报告

Naturalistic Observation: Observing behaviour in its natural setting without any intervention by the researcher. This provides high ecological validity but allows little control over extraneous variables.

自然观察: 在自然环境中进行观察，研究者不作任何干预。这具有较高的生态效度，但对外源变量的控制很少。

Controlled Observation: The observation takes place in a structured environment where some variables are managed. This offers greater control but can feel artificial.

控制观察: 在一个结构化环境中进行观察，部分变量得到控制。这种方法控制更多，但可能显得不自然。

Participant Observation: The researcher becomes part of the group being observed. This allows deeper insight but may lead to subjectivity and loss of objectivity.

参与观察: 研究者成为被观察群体的一员。这能带来更深入的见解，但可能导致主观性并失去客观性。

Overt & Covert Observation: In overt observation, participants know they are being watched; in covert observation, they are unaware. Covert observation reduces demand characteristics but raises ethical concerns.

公开观察与隐蔽观察: 公开观察中参与者知道自己被观察；隐蔽观察中参与者不知情。隐蔽观察能减少需求特征，但会引发伦理问题。

Structured Interview / Questionnaire: These self-report methods use a fixed set of questions to collect data, making responses easy to compare but limiting the depth of information.

结构化访谈/问卷: 这些自陈报告方法使用一套固定的问题来收集数据，使回答便于比较，但会限制信息的深度。

Unstructured Interview: The interviewer has a general aim but no set questions, allowing the conversation to flow naturally. This yields rich qualitative data but requires skilled interpretation.

非结构化访谈: 访谈者有大致目标但无固定问题，允许对话自然进行。这能产生丰富的质性数据，但需要技巧高超的解读。

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5. Correlational Research and Data Types | 相关研究与数据类型

Correlation: A statistical technique that measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two co-variables. It does not imply causation.

相关: 一种测量两个协变量之间关系强度和方向的统计技术。它并不意味着因果关系。

Positive / Negative / Zero Correlation: Positive correlation means both variables increase together; negative correlation means as one increases the other decreases; zero correlation indicates no relationship.

正相关/负相关/零相关: 正相关表示两个变量一同增加；负相关表示一个增加时另一个减少；零相关表示没有关系。

Quantitative Data: Numerical information that can be counted, measured, and analysed statistically, such as scores on a memory test.

定量数据: 可以计数、测量并进行统计分析的数值信息，例如记忆测试的分数。

Qualitative Data: Non-numerical data that captures thoughts, feelings, or descriptions, often expressed in words. It is rich in detail but harder to analyse objectively.

定性数据: 非数值数据，捕捉想法、感受或描述，通常以文字表达。这类数据细节丰富，但难以客观分析。

Primary vs Secondary Data: Primary data are collected first-hand by the researcher for a specific purpose; secondary data are collected by someone else and used for a different aim.

一手数据与二手数据: 一手数据由研究者出于特定目的亲自收集；二手数据由他人收集并被用于不同的目的。

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval / Ratio Data: Nominal data involve categories (e.g., eye colour); ordinal data are ranked (e.g., race positions); interval/ratio data are measured on equal scales with a true zero (e.g., time in seconds).

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