📚 A-Level Eduqas Psychology: Glossary Quick Memorisation Guide | A-Level Eduqas 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is the foundation of success in A-Level Eduqas Psychology. This guide pulls together essential terms from every major topic and pairs them with memorable mnemonics and clear explanations. Use this as a rapid revision tool to consolidate your knowledge and enter the exam room with confidence.
掌握关键术语是A-Level Eduqas心理学考试成功的基石。本指南汇集了每个重要专题的核心词汇，并配以难忘的助记方法和清晰解释。将这份资料用作快速复习工具，巩固知识，自信步入考场。
1. Research Methods: Variables and Controls | 研究方法：变量与控制
The independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher deliberately manipulates. A quick mnemonic is ‘I change the IV’.
自变量（IV）是研究者有意操纵的变量。快速助记：”I change the IV”——我改变的就是IV。
The dependent variable (DV) is what you measure. Think ‘D for Data’ — the data collected.
因变量（DV）是测量到的结果。记住”D代表数据”——你收集到的数据。
Extraneous variables are any variables other than the IV that could influence the DV if not controlled. When an extraneous variable changes systematically with the IV, it becomes a confounding variable, making it impossible to establish causality.
额外变量是指除IV外可能影响DV的任何变量。若某个额外变量随IV系统性变化，它就变成混淆变量，导致无法确认因果关系。
Operationalisation means specifying exactly how variables are manipulated or measured. The mnemonic ‘OPERation’ reminds you to turn abstract concepts into concrete, replicable operations.
操作化是指明确说明如何操纵或测量变量。记忆技巧”OPERation”提醒你，要把抽象概念转化为具体、可重复的操作。
| Term | English Definition & Mnemonic | 中文释义与速记 |
|---|---|---|
| IV | Manipulated variable. ‘I manipulate the IV.’ | 操纵变量。’我操纵IV。’ |
| DV | Measured outcome. ‘D for Data.’ | 测量结果。’D代表数据。’ |
| Control | Keeping extraneous variables constant across conditions. | 在所有条件下保持额外变量恒定。 |
| Standardisation | Using the same procedures and instructions for all participants. | 对所有被试使用相同程序与指导语。 |
2. Biopsychology: Neurones and Synaptic Transmission | 生物心理学：神经元与突触传递
A neurone is a nerve cell specialised to transmit electrical and chemical signals. Dendrites receive signals from other neurones; the axon carries the action potential away from the cell body. The mnemonic ‘Dendrite = Door in, Axon = Away’ simplifies this.
神经元是特化传递电化学信号的神经细胞。树突接收来自其他神经元的信号；轴突将动作电位带离胞体。助记：”树突是入口（Dendrite door），轴突是远离（Axon away）。”
The myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up transmission. Think ‘My-lin wraps and speeds’. Nodes of Ranvier are gaps where the action potential jumps, a process called saltatory conduction.
髓鞘包裹轴突、加快传导速度。把它想成”髓（my）包裹加速”。郎飞结是髓鞘间的空隙，动作电位在此跳跃传导，即跳跃式传导。
A synapse is the tiny gap between neurones. When an action potential arrives, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. They cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neurone. Remember ‘SAC’ — Synapse = Arrival, Release, Cross, Bind.
突触是神经元间的微小间隙。动作电位到达时，神经递质从突触前末梢的囊泡中释放，穿过突触间隙，与突触后神经元上的受体结合。记住”SAC”—— Synapse: Arrival, Cross, Bind。
Excitation makes the postsynaptic neurone more likely to fire; inhibition makes it less likely. Reuptake is the process where the presynaptic neurone reabsorbs unused neurotransmitter, terminating the signal.
兴奋使得突触后神经元更容易发放冲动；抑制则降低发放可能性。再摄取是突触前神经元回收未使用的神经递质的过程，以此终止信号。
| Structure | Function & Mnemonic | 功能与助记 |
|---|---|---|
| Dendrite | Receive signals — ‘Door in’ | 接收信号 — ‘入口’ |
| Axon | Carry action potential away — ‘Away’ | 传导动作电位离开 — ‘远去’ |
| Myelin sheath | Insulate, speed up — ‘My wraps’ | 绝缘加速 — ‘髓包裹’ |
| Synapse | Transmission site — SAC model | 传递部位 — SAC模型 |
3. Biopsychology: Brain Structures and Functions | 生物心理学：大脑结构与功能
The frontal lobe handles higher-order functions like decision-making, planning, and personality. Mnemonic: ‘Front of the brain is the boss of your decisions.’
额叶负责决策、计划、人格等高级功能。记忆诀窍：”大脑前部的额叶是你决策的老板。”
The occipital lobe processes visual information. ‘Occipital = Optical’ is a simple link.
枕叶处理视觉信息。”枕叶=视觉”（Occipital与Optical形似）。
The temporal lobe is involved in auditory processing and memory. The hippocampus, deep inside the temporal lobe, consolidates memories. Think ‘If you saw a hippo on campus, you would remember it!’
颞叶参与听觉处理和记忆。深藏于颞叶的海马体负责巩固记忆。想想看：”如果在校园里看到一头河马（hippo），你肯定忘不了！”
The amygdala is central to emotional responses, particularly fear. ‘Amy is alarmed by scary things.’ The hypothalamus regulates drives like hunger, thirst, and body temperature, maintaining homeostasis.
杏仁核对情绪反应尤其是恐惧起关键作用。”Amy会被可怕的事情吓到。”下丘脑调节饥饿、口渴、体温等驱力，维持体内稳态。
The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. ‘Cerebellum keeps your ballet-balance.’
小脑协调运动和平衡。”小脑让你保持芭蕾般的平衡。”
| Brain Region | Key Function & Mnemonic | 关键功能与助记 |
|---|---|---|
| Frontal lobe | Decision-making, planning — ‘Front boss’ | 决策与计划 — ‘前额老板’ |
| Occipital lobe | Vision — ‘Opti-occipital’ | 视觉 — ‘枕叶光学’ |
| Hippocampus | Memory consolidation — ‘Hippo on campus unforgettable’ | 记忆巩固 — ‘校园河马忘不掉’ |
| Amygdala | Emotion and fear — ‘Amy alarmed’ | 情绪与恐惧 — ‘Amy受惊’ |
| Cerebellum | Motor coordination — ‘Ballet-balance’ | 运动协调 — ‘芭蕾平衡’ |
4. Cognitive Psychology: Memory Models | 认知心理学：记忆模型
The multi-store model (MSM) by Atkinson and Shiffrin describes memory in three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). The flow is linear, and rehearsal is needed to transfer information. ‘A&S MSM — All Stores Matter.’
Atkinson和Shiffrin的多重存储模型（MSM）将记忆分为三级：感觉登记、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。信息线性流动，复述是转运的关键。”A&S MSM — 所有存储都重要。”
STM has a limited capacity of 7±2 items and a duration of around 18-30 seconds. Encoding is mainly acoustic. LTM has potentially unlimited capacity and duration, with semantic encoding. Use the phrase ‘Seven, thirty, sound’ for STM.
STM容量有限（7±2个组块），持续约18-30秒，编码以听觉为主。LTM容量与时长近乎无限，以语义编码为主。用”七、三十、声音”记忆STM特征。
The working memory model (WMM) by Baddeley and Hitch replaces the idea of a unitary STM. It includes the central executive (the ‘boss’), phonological loop (speech-based, inner voice), visuospatial sketchpad (visual and spatial, inner eye), and episodic buffer (integrates and stores). ‘WMM: CE, PL, VSS, EB — Boss, Voice, Eye, Buffer.’
Baddeley和Hitch的工作记忆模型（WMM）取代了单一STM的概念。它包含中央执行器（”老板”）、语音回路（言语信息”内心声音”）、视空间画板（视觉空间”内心之眼”）以及情景缓冲器（整合存储）。’WMM: CE, PL, VSS, EB — 老板、声音、眼睛、缓冲器。’
| Model | Key Components & Mnemonic | 关键组分与助记 |
|---|---|---|
| MSM | SR → STM → LTM with rehearsal. ‘All Stores Matter.’ | SR→STM→LTM加复述。’所有存储都重要。’ |
| WMM | CE, PL, VSS, EB. ‘Boss, Voice, Eye, Buffer.’ | 中央执行器、语音回路、视空间画板、情景缓冲器。’老板、声音、眼睛、缓冲器。’ |
5. Social Psychology: Conformity and Obedience | 社会心理学：从众与服从
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief due to real or imagined group pressure. The three types are compliance (public, not private), identification (temporary acceptance to fit a role), and internalisation (genuine acceptance). Acronym ‘C.I.I. — Copy, Identify, Internalise.’
从众是因真实或想象群体压力导致的行为或信念改变。有三种类型：顺从（公开、私下不认同）、认同（暂时接受以融入角色）和内化（真正接纳）。首字母记法”C.I.I. — 拷贝、认同、内化。”
Normative social influence (NSI) is about wanting to fit in and be liked; informational social influence (ISI) is about wanting to be right. Think ‘Nor-mative = normal people want to fit in; Info-rmational = I need information to be right.’
规范社会影响（NSI）涉及渴望被接纳、获得喜爱；信息社会影响（ISI）涉及渴望正确。记忆：”规范（Normative）——想合群；信息（Informational）——需信息以求正确。”
Obedience involves following direct commands, typically from an authority figure. Milgram’s study showed high obedience when participants were told to administer electric shocks. The agentic state is when a person acts as an agent for an authority figure, feeling no personal responsibility. ‘Agentic state = I’m just following orders.’
服从指遵从直接命令，通常来自权威人物。Milgram的研究显示，被要求实施电击时服从率很高。代理状态指个体将自己视为权威的代理人，不觉得自己应承担个人责任。”代理状态 = 我只是在执行命令。”
| Concept | Definition & Mnemonic | 定义与助记 |
|---|---|---|
| Compliance | Public change only — ‘C for Copy.’ | 仅公开改变 — ‘C代表拷贝。’ |
| Identification | Change to fit a role — ‘ID card identity.’ | 为融入角色改变 — ‘ID身份认同。’ |
| Internalisation | Genuine private acceptance — ‘Internal = inside.’ | 真正内心接受 — ‘内化入心。’ |
| NSI | Want to be liked — ‘Normal to fit in.’ | 渴望被喜欢 — ‘正常人求合群。’ |
| ISI | Want to be right — ‘Info to be right.’ | 渴望正确 — ‘信息以求正确。’ |
6. Attachment and Development | 依恋与发展
Attachment is a deep emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. Bowlby’s monotropic theory emphasises one primary attachment figure and a critical period (around 2 years). The internal working model is a mental template for future relationships. ‘Mono = one; Bowlby’s bowl holds one key attachment.’
依恋是婴儿与照料者之间的深厚情感纽带。Bowlby的单一依恋理论强调一个主要依恋对象和关键期（约2年）。内部工作模型是未来人际关系的心理模板。”单一（Mono）就是一个；Bowlby的碗（bowl）里装着那一个关键依恋。”
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation procedure identifies three main attachment types: secure (explore happily, moderate distress, joy on reunion), insecure-avoidant (ignores caregiver, low distress), and insecure-resistant (clingy, high distress, ambivalent on reunion). ‘Secure = Balanced; Avoidant = Away; Resistant = Riled up.’
Ainsworth的陌生情境法识别三种主要依恋类型：安全型（愉快探索、适度痛苦、重聚时快乐）、不安全-回避型（忽视照料者、低痛苦）和不安全-反抗型（粘人、高痛苦、重聚时矛盾）。’安全型（Secure）平衡；回避型（Avoidant）远离；反抗型（Resistant）激动。’
Lorenz showed imprinting in geese — a rapid, innate learning process during a critical period. Harlow’s monkeys preferred the comfort of a cloth mother over a wire mother that provided food, highlighting the importance of contact comfort.
Lorenz展示了鹅的印刻行为——关键期内快速、天生的学习过程。Harlow的猴子更喜欢提供舒适感的绒布母猴而非提供食物的铁丝母猴，凸显了接触性安慰的重要性。
| Term | Key Idea & Mnemonic | 关键概念与助记 |
|---|---|---|
| Monotropy | One primary attachment — ‘Mono = one.’ | 一个主要依恋 — ‘Mono就是一个。’ |
| Internal Working Model | Template for future relationships — ‘Mental blueprint.’ | 未来人际关系模板 — ‘心理蓝图。’ |
| Secure attachment (Type B) | Balanced exploration and reunion joy — ‘B for Balanced.’ | 平衡探索与重聚快乐 — ‘B型平衡。’ |
| Insecure-avoidant (Type A) | Avoids caregiver — ‘A for Away.’ | 回避照料者 — ‘A型远离。’ |
| Insecure-resistant (Type C) | Clingy and upset — ‘C for Cling.’ | 粘人且不安 — ‘C型粘人。
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