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A-Level OCR Psychology: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Terms | A-Level OCR 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

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📚 A-Level OCR Psychology: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Terms | A-Level OCR 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the terminology of OCR A-Level Psychology can be a game-changer for your exam performance. This guide breaks down essential terms across the specification into bite-sized chunks, pairing each with a memorable mnemonic, analogy, or root analysis. Use it to speed up revision and lock in definitions effortlessly.

掌握 OCR A-Level 心理学的术语体系，对你的考试成绩有着决定性的影响。这份指南将考纲中的核心词汇拆解为易于消化的片段，每个词条都配有朗朗上口的记忆术、类比或词根分析。用它来加速复习，轻松锁定定义。

1. Research Methods Core Terms | 研究方法核心术语

Every OCR paper is underpinned by research methods. Crystallise these foundational terms first, and you will find it easier to evaluate studies throughout the course.

每一道 OCR 考题都以研究方法为根基。先把这些基础术语搞清楚，整个课程中评价研究都会变得轻松许多。

  • Independent Variable (IV) – the factor you manipulate or change. Think ‘I change the IV’.

    自变量 (IV) – 实验中被操纵或改变的因子。记住 ‘I change the IV’（我改 IV）。

  • Dependent Variable (DV) – what you measure; it Depends on the IV.

    因变量 (DV) – 被测量的结果；它 Depends（依赖于）IV。

  • Extraneous Variable – any ‘extra’ variable that could spoil results if uncontrolled.

    额外变量 – 任何可能‘额外’干扰结果的变量，如果不加以控制就会破坏实验。

  • Confounding Variable – an extraneous variable that systematically varies with the IV, confusing the effect.

    混淆变量 – 一种与 IV 系统性共变的额外变量，把效应给‘搞混’了。

  • Operationalisation – making variables measurable (e.g. ‘aggression’ → number of hits). Think ‘operation = putting into action’.

    操作化 – 让变量变得可测量（例如‘攻击性’ → 击打次数）。联想‘操作 = 把概念付诸行动’。

  • Null Hypothesis – states there is no effect or difference. ‘Null = zero, nothing’.

    虚无假设 – 陈述没有效应或差异。‘Null（零）= 什么都没有’。

  • Directional (one-tailed) Hypothesis – predicts the specific direction of the result.

    方向性（单尾）假设 – 预测结果的具体方向。

  • Non-directional (two-tailed) Hypothesis – predicts a difference but not the direction.

    非方向性（双尾）假设 – 预测存在差异，但不指明方向。

  • Counterbalancing – used in repeated measures to combat order effects; participants take tasks in different orders.

    平衡抵消法 – 用于重复测量设计以对抗顺序效应；被试以不同顺序完成任务。

  • Demand Characteristics – cues that make participants guess the aim and change their behaviour.

    需求特征 – 让被试猜到实验目的从而改变行为的线索。

2. Social Psychology: Conformity & Obedience | 社会心理学：从众与服从

Social influence terms are high-frequency marks in OCR. Link them to the classic studies – Asch, Milgram, Zimbardo – and use the acronyms below to recall the precise meanings.

社会影响术语是 OCR 考试中的高频考点。将它们与经典研究——阿希、米尔格拉姆、津巴多——联系起来，用下面的首字母缩写精准回忆含义。

  • Conformity – yielding to group pressure. Three types: Compliance, Identification, Internalisation (C-I-I).

    从众 – 屈从于群体压力。三种类型：顺从、认同、内化（C-I-I）。

  • Compliance – publicly agreeing but privately disagreeing. ‘C’ for ‘covering up’.

    顺从 – 公开同意，私下不同意。‘Compliance’ 里藏着一个‘cover’。

  • Identification – adjusting behaviour to fit a valued group because you want to belong. ‘ID’ = identity.

    认同 – 因为渴望归属而调整行为以融入重视的群体。‘ID’=身份认同。

  • Internalisation – genuinely accepting group norms, both publicly and privately. ‘Internal’ = it goes inside your belief system.

    内化 – 公开和私下都真正接受群体规范。‘Internal’（内部）= 进入你的信念系统。

  • Normative Social Influence (NSI) – desire to be liked (norms). ‘N’ for ‘need to fit in’.

    规范性社会影响 (NSI) – 渴望被喜欢的动机。‘N’ 代表‘规范’(norm) 和‘需要融入’。

  • Informational Social Influence (ISI) – desire to be right (info). ‘I’ for ‘info’, ‘I see what’s right’.

    信息性社会影响 (ISI) – 渴望正确的动机。‘I’代表‘信息’(info)，‘我看到什么是对的’。

  • Obedience – following a direct order from an authority figure.

    服从 – 遵循权威人物直接下达的命令。

  • Agentic State – seeing yourself as an agent of another’s will, thus not responsible. ‘Agent’ like a secret agent taking orders.

    代理状态 – 视自己为他人意志的代理，因此无需负责。‘Agent’（特工）特工只听命行事。

  • Legitimacy of Authority – perception that the person giving orders has a right to do so. Lab coat = legitimacy.

    权威的合法性 – 认为下达命令的人有权这样做的感知。白大褂 = 合法性。

3. Cognitive Psychology: Memory Models | 认知心理学：记忆模型

The Multi-Store Model and Working Memory Model carry a wealth of precise vocabulary. Use spatial analogies and chunking to remember capacity, duration, and coding of each store.

多存储模型和工作记忆模型包含大量精准词汇。用空间类比和组块记忆每个存储库的容量、时长与编码方式。

  • Sensory Register – fleeting, high-capacity, modality-specific (iconic/echoic). ‘Sensory = snapshot’.

    感觉登记 – 转瞬即逝、容量大、感觉通道特异（图像/声像）。‘感觉 = 快照’。

  • Short-Term Memory (STM) – limited capacity (7±2 items), duration 18-30 s, mainly acoustic coding. ‘STM = short telephone message’.

    短时记忆 (STM) – 容量有限（7±2 个项目），时长 18-30 秒，主要声学编码。‘STM = short telephone message’（短电话留言）。

  • Long-Term Memory (LTM) – unlimited capacity and duration, mainly semantic coding. ‘LTM = library’.

    长时记忆 (LTM) – 容量与时长无限，主要语义编码。‘LTM = library’（图书馆）。

  • Central Executive – boss of Working Memory Model, allocates attention; has limited capacity. ‘Executive = CEO’.

    中央执行器 – 工作记忆模型的总管，分配注意力；容量有限。‘执行器 = CEO’。

  • Phonological Loop – processes speech-based info; has phonological store (inner ear) and articulatory process (inner voice). ‘Phono = phone/voice’.

    语音回路 – 处理言语信息；包含语音存储（内耳）和发音复述（内心声音）。‘Phono = 语音’。

  • Visuospatial Sketchpad – deals with visual and spatial info; inner eye. ‘Visuo + spatial = picture + space’.

    视空间画板 – 处理视觉和空间信息；内心之眼。‘Visuo + spatial = 图像+空间’。

  • Episodic Buffer – later addition; integrates info from components and links to LTM. ‘Buffer = temporary holding zone’.

    情节缓冲器 – 后期添加的部分；整合各组件信息并与 LTM 相连。‘Buffer = 临时存放区’。

  • Episodic Memory – personal events (episodes) with time and place. ‘Epi = episode’.

    情景记忆 – 带有时间地点标签的个人事件（情景）。‘epi = 片段’。

  • Semantic Memory – facts and meanings. ‘Semantic = semaphores of meaning’.

    语义记忆 – 事实与意义。‘Semantic = 意义信号’。

  • Procedural Memory – skills and habits (e.g. riding a bike). ‘Procedure = how to do’.

    程序性记忆 – 技能与习惯（如骑自行车）。‘Procedure = 怎么做’。

4. Developmental Psychology: Attachment Types | 发展心理学：依恋类型

Attachment terms often appear in questions about Ainsworth’s Strange Situation and Bowlby’s maternal deprivation. Visualise the behaviours to cement the labels.

依恋术语经常出现在安斯沃思‘陌生情境’和鲍尔比‘母性剥夺’的考题中。通过可视化行为来固化这些名称。

  • Interactional Synchrony – mirroring of emotions and actions between caregiver and infant. ‘Sync’ like synchronised swimming.

    交互同步 – 照看者和婴儿之间情绪与行为的镜像反映。‘Sync’（同步）就像花样游泳。

  • Reciprocity – turn-taking, mutual responsiveness. ‘Reci-proci-ty = reciprocal’.

    相互性 – 轮流回应，双向应答。‘Reciprocity = 相互的’。

  • Secure Attachment – infant shows moderate distress when caregiver leaves, joy on reunion, uses caregiver as safe base. ‘Secure = safe base’.

    安全型依恋 – 婴儿在照看者离开时表现出适度悲伤，重聚时喜悦，将照看者作为安全基地。‘安全 = safe base’。

  • Insecure-Avoidant Attachment – infant ignores caregiver, few signs of distress or reunion joy. ‘Avoidant = avoids connection’.

    不安全-回避型依恋 – 婴儿无视照看者，离开时很少悲伤，重聚时也无喜悦。‘回避 = 避开联系’。

  • Insecure-Resistant Attachment – infant clings to caregiver, intensely distressed on separation, but resists comfort on return. ‘Resistant = resists even when held’.

    不安全-反抗型依恋 – 婴儿紧紧粘着照看者，分离时极度悲伤，但在重聚时又抗拒安抚。‘反抗 = 即使在怀里也抵抗’。

  • Internal Working Model – mental template for future relationships based on early attachment. ‘Internal model = inner blueprint’.

    内部工作模型 – 基于早期依恋形成的未来关系心理模板。‘内部模型 = 内在蓝图’。

  • Maternal Deprivation – prolonged separation from primary caregiver causing long-term damage (Bowlby). ‘Deprived = missing essential care’.

    母性剥夺 – 长期与主要照看者分离导致的长期损害（鲍尔比）。‘剥夺 = 缺失必需养育’。

5. Biological Psychology: Brain & Behaviour | 生物心理学：大脑与行为

Know the nervous system divisions, neuronal transmission, and key brain areas. Use the ‘SAME DAVE’ and other acronyms to avoid muddling them.

熟知神经系统的分类、神经元传递以及关键脑区。使用‘SAME DAVE’等首字母缩写来避免混淆。

  • Central Nervous System (CNS) – brain and spinal cord. ‘Central = core command’.

    中枢神经系统 (CNS) – 大脑和脊髓。‘中枢 = 核心指挥部’。

  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – nerves outside CNS. Split into Somatic and Autonomic. ‘Peripheral = everything else’.

    外周神经系统 (PNS) – CNS 以外的神经。分为躯体神经和自主神经。‘外周 = 所有其余部分’。

  • Somatic NS – voluntary control of muscles. ‘SOmatic = SO you move’.

    躯体神经系统 – 随意控制肌肉。‘SOmatic = 所以 (SO) 你动’。

  • Autonomic NS – involuntary control; split into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. ‘Auto = automatic’.

    自主神经系统 – 非随意控制；分为交感神经和副交感神经。‘Auto = 自动’。

  • Sympathetic NS – fight or flight, increases arousal. ‘Sympathetic = stress’.

    交感神经系统 – 战斗或逃跑，增加唤醒。‘Sympathetic = 压力’。

  • Parasympathetic NS – rest and digest, calms body. ‘Parasympathetic = peace’.

    副交感神经系统 – 休息与消化，让身体平静。‘Parasympathetic = 和平’。

  • Sensory Neuron – carries info from sense organs to CNS. ‘Sensory = Sends to brain’.

    感觉神经元 – 将信息从感觉器官传递至 CNS。‘感觉 = 向脑发送’。

  • Motor Neuron – carries instructions from CNS to muscles/glands. ‘Motor = Move’.

    运动神经元 – 将指令从 CNS 传到肌肉/腺体。‘运动 = 移动’。

  • Relay Neuron – connects sensory and motor neurons in CNS. ‘Relay = passes on’.

    中继神经元 – 在 CNS 内连接感觉和运动神经元。‘Relay = 接力’。

  • Broca’s Area – speech production (frontal lobe). ‘Broca = boca (Spanish for mouth)’.

    布罗卡区 – 言语产生（额叶）。‘Broca = boca（西班牙语‘嘴’）’。

  • Wernicke’s Area – language comprehension (temporal lobe). ‘Wernicke = word meanings’.

    韦尼克区 – 语言理解（颞叶）。‘Wernicke = 词汇意义’。

6. Individual Differences: Defining Abnormality | 个体差异：定义异常

OCR asks you to evaluate four definitions of abnormality. Learn the labels with clear yes/no stories.

OCR 要求你评价异常行为的四种定义。用明确的是/否故事来记住这些标签。

  • Statistical Infrequency – abnormal if behaviour is rare (e.g. IQ <70 or >130). ‘Infrequency = infrequent on a bell curve’.

    统计少见 – 如果行为罕见（如 IQ <70 或 >130），则为异常。‘少见 = 钟形曲线上罕见’。

  • Deviation from Social Norms – abnormal if it breaks unwritten rules of society. ‘Deviation = deviates from what’s normal in your culture’.

    偏离社会规范 – 如果打破了社会不成文规则，则为异常。‘偏离 = 偏离了你文化中的正常’。

  • Failure to Function Adequately – abnormal if someone cannot cope with daily life (Rosenhan’s 7 features). ‘Failure to function = can’t do daily tasks’.

    功能适应不良 – 如果无法应对日常生活（罗森汉的 7 项特征），则为异常。‘功能失败 = 无法完成日常任务’。

  • Deviation from Ideal Mental Health – abnormal if a person lacks positive criteria (Jahoda’s 6). ‘Ideal = you fall short of perfect mental health’.

    偏离理想心理健康 – 如果缺乏积极标准（雅荷达的 6 条），则为异常。‘理想 = 你达不到完美心理健康’。

  • Phobia – an intense, irrational fear; behavioural, emotional, cognitive characteristics. ‘Phobia = phenomenal fear’.

    恐惧症 – 强烈且非理性的恐惧；包含行为、情绪、认知特征。‘Phobia = 骇人的恐惧’。

  • Depression – mood disorder; key features can be remembered with ‘SAD CAGES’ (Sleep disturbance, Appetite change, Depressed mood, Concentration loss, Activity loss, Guilt, Energy loss, Suicidal thoughts).

    抑郁症 – 心境障碍；可用 ‘SAD CAGES’ 记忆核心症状（睡眠紊乱、食欲改变、情绪低落、注意力减退、活动减少、内疚、精力丧失、自杀意念）。

  • OCD – anxiety disorder with obsessions (cognitive) and compulsions (behavioural). ‘Obsessions = Obsessive thoughts; Compulsions = Compelling actions’.

    强迫症 – 焦虑障碍，包含强迫思维（认知）和强迫行为（行为）。‘Obsessions = 侵入性念头；Compulsions = 迫使人去做的行为’。

7. Issues and Debates | 心理学问题与争论

These terms cut across all topics. Use paired contrasts to remember both sides of each debate.

这些术语跨越所有主题。用成对对比来记住每个争论的正反两面。

  • Gender Bias – tendency to ignore or exaggerate differences between sexes. Alpha bias = exaggerates; Beta bias = minimises. ‘Beta = Better to be the same’.

    性别偏见 – 忽视或夸大两性差异的倾向。Alpha 偏见 = 夸大；Beta 偏见 = 最小化。‘Beta = Better to be the same（最好相同）’。

  • Cultural Bias – assuming behaviours are universal when they are culture-bound. Ethnocentrism = judging others by own standards. ‘Ethnocentrism = own ethnos at centre’.

    文化偏见 – 假定行为具有普遍性，实则受文化束缚。种族中心主义 = 按自身标准评判他者。‘民族中心 = 自己的民族为中心’。

  • Free Will vs Determinism – humans choose freely vs behaviour shaped by forces beyond control. ‘Determinism = determined by factors’.

    自由意志与决定论 – 人类自由选择 vs 行为由不可控力量塑造。‘决定论 = 被因素决定了’。

  • Nature-Nurture – heredity vs environment. Interactionism is the modern view. ‘Nature = genes; Nurture = environment’.

    天性-教养 – 遗传与环境。互动论是现代观点。‘天性 = 基因；教养 = 环境’。

  • Holism vs Reductionism – whole person vs breaking down into parts. ‘Holism = whole’; ‘Reductionism = reduce to components’.

    整体论与还原论 – 整体的人 vs 拆解为部分。‘Holism = whole（整体）’；‘Reductionism = 还原为组件’。

  • Idiographic vs Nomothetic – focusing on the individual case vs general laws. ‘Idio = individual’; ‘Nomothetic = normal laws’.

    特殊规律研究与普遍规律研究 – 聚焦个别案例 vs 一般规律。‘Idio = 个体’；‘Nomothetic = 普遍法则’。

8. Statistics & Data Analysis Terms | 统计与数据分析术语

Calculating statistics is one thing, but defining terms like ‘p-value’ and ‘Type 1 error’ earns easy marks. Use courtroom analogies to never confuse them again.

计算统计量是一回事，但给‘p 值’和‘第一类错误’下定义能轻松得分。用法庭类比，从此不再混淆。

  • Mean – arithmetic average. ‘Mean = the “mean” one is the average guy’.

    平均数 – 算术平均值。‘Mean = 平均值’（英语中也意为‘刻薄’，但这里指平均）。

  • Median – middle value in ordered data. ‘Median = middle of the road’.

    中位数 – 有序数据的中间值。‘Median = 道路中线’。

  • Mode – most frequent value. ‘Mode = most often’.

    众数 – 出现频率最高的值。‘Mode = 最多’。

  • Range – spread: highest minus lowest. ‘Range = reach’.

    极差 – 分散程度：最大值减最小值。‘Range = 范围’。

  • Standard Deviation (SD) – average distance of scores from the mean. ‘SD = Spread Distance’.

    标准差 (SD) – 各分数到均值的平均距离。‘SD = 分布距离 (Spread Distance)’。

  • p-value – probability that results are due to chance; p<0.05 is significant. ‘p is for probability (chance)’.

    p 值 – 结果由偶然造成的概率；p<0.05 为显著。‘p 代表概率 (probability)’。

  • Type I Error – false positive: rejecting a true null hypothesis. ‘Type I = I see a difference when there is none’ (optimistically wrong).

    第一类错误 – 假阳性：错误地拒绝真实的虚无假设。‘第一类 = 我 (I) 看到了不存在的差异’（乐观犯错）。

  • Type II Error – false negative: failing to reject a false null hypothesis. ‘Type II = two things that exist but you miss them’ (blind).

    第二类错误 – 假阴性：未能拒绝错误的虚无假设。‘第二类 = 两个存在的东西你却错过了’（视而不见）。

  • Significance Level – the threshold we set for rejecting the null, usually 0.05. ‘Significant = sign that real effect exists’.

    显著性水平 – 我们设定的拒绝虚无假设的门槛，通常为 0.05。‘显著 = 真实效应存在的信号’。

9. Top Mnemonics for Whole-Spec Revision | 全考纲最佳助记语

These memorable shortcuts bundle several terms together, saving time during rapid recall in exams.

这些好记的速记法把多个术语捆绑在一起，节省考场快速回忆的时间。

Mnemonic / 助记语 What it stands for / 代表含义
SAME DAVE Sensory, Automatic, Motor, Excretion – divisions of the nervous system (Somatic, Autonomic, Motor neuron… adapt as needed)
OCEAN (Big Five) Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism – personality traits
RICE MICE Range, Independent variable, Confounding, Extraneous – Research controls; Mode, Interval, Correlation, Experiment – data handling
PENS Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism – Eysenck’s personality dimensions
FREEMAN Free will, Reductionism, Ethics, Environmental, Materialism, Animal studies, Nurture – issues and debates keywords

10. Commonly Confused Term Pairs | 常见易混淆术语对

These tricky pairs cost marks every year. Use the crisp contrasts below to keep them apart.

这些易混淆的词对每年都让学生丢分。用下面鲜明的对照把它们区分开。

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