AS Cambridge Economics: Glossary Memory Guide | AS 剑桥经济：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS Cambridge Economics: Glossary Memory Guide | AS 剑桥经济：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key economic terms is essential for success in AS Cambridge Economics. This guide organises essential concepts by topic with clear bilingual definitions to accelerate your memory and understanding.

掌握关键经济术语对于在AS剑桥经济中取得成功至关重要。本指南按主题组织基本概念，提供清晰的双语定义，以加速您的记忆和理解。

1. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择

Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem that resources are limited while human wants are unlimited, forcing choices to be made.

稀缺性是指资源有限而人类欲望无限的基本经济问题，迫使我们需要做出选择。

Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made.

机会成本是做出选择时所放弃的次优替代品的价值。

The four factors of production are land (natural resources), labour (human effort), capital (man-made goods used in production), and enterprise (the ability to combine the other factors and take risks).

四种生产要素是土地（自然资源）、劳动力（人力）、资本（生产中使用的人造品）和企业家才能（组合其他要素并承担风险的能力）。

A production possibility curve (PPC) shows the maximum combinations of two goods or services an economy can produce when all resources are fully and efficiently employed.

生产可能性曲线（PPC）显示当一个经济体所有资源都充分有效使用时所能生产的两种商品或服务的最大组合。

A positive statement is objective and fact-based (e.g. “unemployment is 5%”), while a normative statement involves value judgements (e.g. “unemployment should be lowered”).

实证陈述是客观且基于事实的（例如 “失业率为5%”），而规范陈述涉及价值判断（例如 “失业率应该降低”）。

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2. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给

Demand is the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase a good or service at a given price over a period of time.

需求是消费者在给定价格下，在一段时间内购买商品或服务的意愿和能力。

The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded falls, and vice versa, creating a downward-sloping demand curve.

需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，当商品价格上升时，需求量下降，反之亦然，从而形成向下倾斜的需求曲线。

Supply is the willingness and ability of producers to offer a good or service for sale at a given price over a period.

供给是生产者在给定价格下，在一段时间内出售商品或服务的意愿和能力。

The law of supply states that, ceteris paribus, as the price rises, the quantity supplied rises, resulting in an upward-sloping supply curve.

供给定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，当价格上升时，供给量上升，从而形成向上倾斜的供给曲线。

A change in price causes a movement along the demand or supply curve, whereas a change in any other determinant shifts the entire curve.

价格的变化导致沿需求或供给曲线的移动，而其他任何决定因素的变化都会使整条曲线移动。

Determinants of demand include income (normal and inferior goods), prices of related goods (substitutes and complements), tastes, population, and expectations. Determinants of supply include costs of production, technology, taxes and subsidies, and the number of sellers.

需求决定因素包括收入（正常品和低档品）、相关商品价格（替代品和互补品）、偏好、人口和预期。供给决定因素包括生产成本、技术、税收和补贴以及卖者数量。

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3. Elasticity | 弹性

Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price.

需求价格弹性（PED）衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。

PED = %ΔQd ÷ %ΔP

Because PED is usually negative (law of demand), economists often use its absolute value, ignoring the minus sign.

由于PED通常为负（需求定律），经济学家通常使用其绝对值，忽略负号。

Value	Description	中文
>1	Elastic	富有弹性
<1	Inelastic	缺乏弹性
=1	Unit elastic	单位弹性
=0	Perfectly inelastic	完全无弹性
=∞	Perfectly elastic	完全有弹性

Income elasticity of demand (YED) measures responsiveness to income changes: YED = %ΔQd ÷ %ΔY. A positive YED indicates a normal good; a negative YED indicates an inferior good.

需求收入弹性（YED）衡量需求量对收入变化的反应：YED = %ΔQd ÷ %ΔY。正YED表示正常品；负YED表示低档品。

Cross elasticity of demand (XED) measures responsiveness of demand for one good to a change in the price of another: XED = %ΔQd of good A ÷ %ΔP of good B. A positive XED means substitutes; a negative XED means complements.

需求交叉弹性（XED）衡量一种商品的需求对另一种商品价格变化的反应：XED = A商品需求量变化百分比 ÷ B商品价格变化百分比。正XED表示替代品；负XED表示互补品。

Price elasticity of supply (PES) = %ΔQs ÷ %ΔP. It measures how easily producers can adjust output when price changes.

供给价格弹性（PES）= 供给量变化百分比 ÷ 价格变化百分比。它衡量当价格变化时生产者调整产出的难易程度。

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4. Market Equilibrium and Government Intervention | 市场均衡与政府干预

Market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, giving the equilibrium price and quantity.

市场均衡发生在需求量等于供给量时，得到均衡价格和均衡数量。

Excess demand (shortage) occurs when the price is below equilibrium; excess supply (surplus) occurs when the price is above equilibrium.

当价格低于均衡时出现超额需求（短缺）；当价格高于均衡时出现超额供给（过剩）。

A price ceiling is a legally set maximum price below the equilibrium, often leading to shortages. A price floor is a minimum price above equilibrium, creating surpluses.

价格上限是法律设定的低于均衡的最高价格，通常导致短缺。价格下限是高于均衡的最低价格，造成过剩。

An indirect tax is a charge levied on goods or services, which can be specific (a fixed amount per unit) or ad valorem (a percentage of the price). It shifts the supply curve leftward and raises the price for consumers.

间接税是对商品或服务征收的费用，可以是从量税（每单位固定金额）或从价税（价格的百分比）。它使供给曲线左移，提高消费者支付的价格。

A subsidy is a government grant to producers, lowering their costs and shifting the supply curve rightward, reducing the price for consumers.

补贴是政府给予生产者的资助，降低其成本，使供给曲线右移，降低消费者价格。

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5. Market Failure | 市场失灵

Market failure occurs when the free market fails to allocate resources efficiently, leading to a net welfare loss.

市场失灵是指自由市场未能有效配置资源，导致净福利损失。

Externalities are costs or benefits imposed on third parties not involved in a transaction. A negative externality (e.g. pollution) leads to overproduction; a positive externality (e.g. education) leads to underproduction.

外部性是强加给未参与交易的第三方的成本或收益。负外部性（如污染）导致过度生产；正外部性（如教育）导致生产不足。

Public goods are non-rival (consumption by one person does not reduce availability to others) and non-excludable (no one can be prevented from using them), which leads to the free-rider problem.

公共物品具有非竞争性（一人的消费不减少他人可用的数量）和非排他性（无法阻止任何人使用），这导致了搭便车问题。

Merit goods are goods that are under-consumed and under-produced if left to the market because consumers ignore their long-term benefits (e.g. healthcare). Demerit goods are over-consumed due to ignored long-term harm (e.g. tobacco).

优值品是指如果任由市场调节会被消费不足和生产不足的商品，因为消费者忽视其长期利益（如医疗）。劣值品则因忽视长期危害而被过度消费（如烟草）。

Asymmetric information occurs when one party in a transaction has more or better information than the other, leading to adverse selection or moral hazard.

信息不对称指交易的一方比另一方拥有更多或更好的信息，导致逆向选择或道德风险。

Government failure arises when government intervention intended to correct market failure actually reduces net welfare, perhaps due to unintended consequences or bureaucratic inefficiency.

政府失灵指旨在纠正市场失灵的政府干预反而减少了净福利，可能由于意外后果或官僚低效。

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6. Macroeconomic Objectives and Indicators | 宏观经济目标与指标

The main macroeconomic objectives are: sustainable economic growth, low and stable inflation, low unemployment, and a stable balance of payments on current account.

主要的宏观经济目标是：可持续的经济增长、低且稳定的通货膨胀、低失业率，以及经常账户的国际收支稳定。

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total value of output produced within an economy over a period. Real GDP is adjusted for inflation; nominal GDP is not.

国内生产总值（GDP）衡量一个经济体内在一定时期内生产的总产出价值。实际GDP已根据通货膨胀调整；名义GDP未调整。

Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level. It is commonly measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

通货膨胀是总体价格水平的持续上涨。通常用消费者价格指数（CPI）来衡量。

Unemployment exists when people who are willing and able to work cannot find a job. Types include cyclical (linked to the business cycle), structural (mismatch of skills), frictional (between jobs), and seasonal.

失业存在于愿意且有能力工作的人找不到工作时。类型包括周期性（与商业周期相关）、结构性（技能不匹配）、摩擦性（待业期间）和季节性失业。

A current account deficit means a country imports more goods, services, and income than it exports; a surplus means the opposite.

经常账户赤字意味着一国进口的商品、服务和收入多于出口；盈余则相反。

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7. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply | 总需求与总供给

Aggregate demand (AD) is the total spending on an economy’s goods and services at a given price level. AD = C + I + G + (X – M), where C is consumption, I is investment, G is government spending, X is exports, and M is imports.

总需求（AD）是在给定价格水平下对一个经济体商品和服务的总支出。AD = C + I + G + (X – M)，其中C为消费，I为投资，G为政府支出，X为出口，M为进口。

A fall in any component of AD, ceteris paribus, shifts the AD curve to the left; a rise shifts it to the right.

AD的任何组成部分下降，在其他条件不变下，会使AD曲线左移；上升则使其右移。

Short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) shows the total output firms are willing and able to produce at different price levels, assuming factor prices (e.g. wages) are sticky.

短期总供给（SRAS）表示在假设要素价格（如工资）具有粘性的情况下，企业在不同价格水平上愿意且能够生产的总产出。

Long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) represents the economy’s productive capacity when all resources are fully and efficiently employed. The Classical LRAS is vertical at the full-employment level of output; the Keynesian LRAS is horizontal at low output and becomes vertical at full capacity.

长期总供给（LRAS）表示所有资源都充分有效利用时经济的生产能力。古典LRAS在充分就业产出水平上垂直；凯恩斯LRAS在低产出时水平，在充分产能时垂直。

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8. Fiscal and Monetary Policy | 财政与货币政策

Fiscal policy involves government spending and taxation to influence the economy. Expansionary fiscal policy (higher spending or lower taxes) boosts AD; contractionary fiscal policy (lower spending or higher taxes) reduces AD.

财政政策涉及政府支出和税收以影响经济。扩张性财政政策（增加支出或减税）刺激AD；紧缩性财政政策（减少支出或增税）减少AD。

A budget deficit occurs when government spending exceeds tax revenue; a surplus when revenue exceeds spending. Automatic stabilisers, such as progressive taxes and unemployment benefits, automatically moderate economic fluctuations without new legislation.

预算赤字发生在政府支出超过税收收入时；盈余则相反。自动稳定器，如累进税和失业救济金，无需新立法即可自动平抑经济波动。

Monetary policy involves controlling interest rates and the money supply, usually by a central bank. A lower interest rate makes borrowing cheaper, encouraging consumption and investment, shifting AD right. A higher interest rate has the opposite effect.

货币政策涉及控制利率和货币供应量，通常由央行执行。降低利率使借贷成本下降，鼓励消费和投资，使AD右移。提高利率则作用相反。

Quantitative easing (QE) is a non-conventional tool where the central bank purchases government bonds and other financial assets to inject liquidity, lower long-term interest rates, and stimulate aggregate demand.

量化宽松（QE）是一种非常规工具，央行购买政府债券和其他金融资产以注入流动性，降低长期利率，刺激总需求。

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9. International Trade and Exchange Rates | 国际贸易与汇率

Comparative advantage exists when a country can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country. Specialisation and trade according to comparative advantage can increase total output.

比较优势是指一国能以比另一国更低的机会成本生产某

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