KS3 CCEA Physics: Quick Reference Formula and Theorem Handbook | KS3 CCEA 物理:公式定理速查手册

📚 KS3 CCEA Physics: Quick Reference Formula and Theorem Handbook | KS3 CCEA 物理:公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook gathers all the essential formulas and principles you need for KS3 CCEA Physics. Use it to strengthen your understanding of motion, forces, energy, electricity, waves, and the solar system. Each formula is clearly explained with worked examples to help you remember and apply them accurately in tests and practical work.

这本速查手册收录了 KS3 CCEA 物理课程中所有必备公式和定理。你可以用它来巩固对运动、力、能量、电、波和太阳系的理解。每条公式都有清晰的解释和示例,帮助你在考试和实验操作中准确记忆和运用。


1. Speed, Distance and Time | 速度、距离和时间

The relationship between speed, distance and time is fundamental. Speed tells you how fast an object is moving.

速度、距离和时间之间的关系是最基础的。速度表示物体运动的快慢。

Formula: average speed = distance ÷ time (s = d / t).

公式:平均速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间(s = d / t)。

If a cyclist travels 150 m in 30 s, average speed = 150 m ÷ 30 s = 5 m/s.

如果一个骑行者 30 秒内行进 150 米,平均速度 = 150 m ÷ 30 s = 5 m/s。

Rearranged forms: distance = speed × time, time = distance ÷ speed.

变形公式:距离 = 速度 × 时间,时间 = 距离 ÷ 速度。

Always check units: speed in m/s, distance in m, time in s. For km/h, distance in km, time in h.

务必检查单位:速度用米/秒,距离用米,时间用秒。若用千米/小时,距离用千米,时间用小时。


2. Acceleration | 加速度

Acceleration measures how quickly velocity changes. It can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down, often called deceleration).

加速度衡量速度变化的快慢。可以是正值(加速)或负值(减速,常称为减速度)。

Formula: acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time taken (a = (v – u) / t).

公式:加速度 = 速度变化量 ÷ 所用时间(a = (v – u) / t)。

v = final velocity, u = initial velocity, t = time. Unit: m/s².

v 为末速度,u 为初速度,t 为时间。单位:米/秒²。

Example: a car accelerates from 10 m/s to 25 m/s in 5 s, a = (25 – 10) / 5 = 3 m/s².

示例:一辆车从 10 m/s 加速到 25 m/s 用时 5 秒,加速度 = (25 – 10) / 5 = 3 m/s²。

On a velocity-time graph, acceleration equals the gradient (slope).

在速度 – 时间图上,加速度等于斜率。


3. Weight, Mass and Gravity | 重量、质量和重力

Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object. It is not the same as mass, which is the amount of matter.

重量是作用在物体上的重力。它与质量不同,质量是物体所含物质的多少。

Formula: weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m g).

公式:重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度(W = m g)。

On Earth, g ≈ 10 N/kg (or 9.8 N/kg for more precision). Mass in kg, weight in newtons (N).

在地球表面,g 约取 10 N/kg(或更精确为 9.8 N/kg)。质量用千克,重量用牛顿(N)。

A 50 kg student has weight W = 50 kg × 10 N/kg = 500 N.

一名 50 千克的学生,重量 W = 50 kg × 10 N/kg = 500 N。

The same mass on the Moon would weigh less because the Moon’s g is only about 1.6 N/kg.

在月球上,同一质量会更轻,因为月球的 g 仅约 1.6 N/kg。


4. Density | 密度

Density describes how much mass is packed into a given volume. Materials with high density feel heavy for their size.

密度描述单位体积内所含质量的多少。密度大的物体,同样体积下感觉更重。

Formula: density = mass ÷ volume (ρ = m / V).

公式:密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积(ρ = m / V)。

Units: mass in kg or g, volume in m³ or cm³. Density may be kg/m³ or g/cm³.

单位:质量用 kg 或 g,体积用 m³ 或 cm³。密度可以是 kg/m³ 或 g/cm³。

Example: a brick of mass 2.5 kg and volume 0.001 m³ has density = 2.5 / 0.001 = 2500 kg/m³.

示例:一块质量 2.5 kg、体积 0.001 m³ 的砖,密度 = 2.5 / 0.001 = 2500 kg/m³。

Water has a density of 1000 kg/m³ (1 g/cm³). Objects with density less than water float.

水的密度为 1000 kg/m³(1 g/cm³)。密度小于水的物体会漂浮。


5. Hooke’s Law (Springs) | 胡克定律(弹簧)

When a spring is stretched, the extension is directly proportional to the applied force, up to the limit of proportionality.

在弹性限度内,弹簧的伸长量与施加的力成正比。

Formula: force = spring constant × extension (F = k e).

公式:力 = 弹簧常数 × 伸长量(F = k e)。

k is the spring constant (N/m), e is extension in metres (m). Force in newtons (N).

k 为弹簧常数(N/m),e 为伸长量(米),力单位为牛(N)。

If k = 40 N/m and extension = 0.25 m, then F = 40 × 0.25 = 10 N.

若 k = 40 N/m,伸长 0.25 m,则 F = 40 × 0.25 = 10 N。

Beyond the elastic limit, the spring deforms permanently and Hooke’s law no longer applies.

超过弹性极限后,弹簧发生永久形变,胡克定律不再适用。


6. Moment of a Force | 力矩

A moment is the turning effect of a force. It depends on the size of the force and how far it is from the pivot.

力矩是力的转动效应,取决于力的大小和作用线到支点的距离。

Formula: moment = force × perpendicular distance from pivot (M = F d).

公式:力矩 = 力 × 支点到力作用线的垂直距离(M = F d)。

Unit: newton-metre (N m). Distance in m, force in N.

单位:牛顿· 米(N m)。距离用米,力用牛。

For balance: total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment.

平衡条件:顺时针方向的总力矩 = 逆时针方向的总力矩。

Example: a 20 N force 0.3 m from pivot gives M = 20 × 0.3 = 6 N m.

示例: 20 N 的力距支点 0.3 m,力矩 = 20 × 0.3 = 6 N m。


7. Pressure | 压强

Pressure measures how concentrated a force is over an area. Sharp objects exert high pressure with a small force.

压强表示力在面积上的集中程度。尖锐物体用小力就能产生高压强。

Formula: pressure = force ÷ area (p = F / A).

公式:压强 = 力 ÷ 面积(p = F / A)。

Force in newtons (N), area in m². Unit: pascal (Pa) or N/m².

力用牛(N),面积用平方米(m²)。单位:帕斯卡(Pa)或 N/m²。

A force of 40 N on an area of 0.2 m² gives pressure p = 40 / 0.2 = 200 Pa.

40 N 的力作用在 0.2 m² 的面积上,压强 = 40 / 0.2 = 200 Pa。

Fluids also exert pressure; pressure increases with depth: pressure in liquid = height × density × g (p = h ρ g).

液体也产生压强,且随深度增加:液体压强 = 深度 × 密度 × g(p = h ρ g)。


8. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率

Energy is the ability to do work. Work is done when a force moves an object. Power is the rate of doing work.

能量是做功的本领。力使物体移动就做了功。功率是做功的速率。

Work formula: work done = force × distance moved in direction of force (W = F d).

功的公式:功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离(W = F d)。

Unit: joule (J). 1 J = 1 N m.

单位:焦耳(J)。1 J = 1 N·m。

Kinetic energy: Eₖ = ½ m v² ; Gravitational potential energy: Eₚ = m g h (h is height in m).

动能:Eₖ = ½ m v² ;重力势能:Eₚ = m g h(h 为高度,米)。

Power: power = work done ÷ time (P = W / t), unit: watt (W).

功率:功率 = 功 ÷ 时间(P = W / t),单位:瓦特(W)。

Efficiency = (useful energy output ÷ total energy input) × 100%.

效率 = (有用的能量输出 ÷ 总能量输入)× 100%。


9. Ohm’s Law and Electrical Quantities | 欧姆定律与电学量

Ohm’s law states that current through a resistor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided temperature is constant.

欧姆定律指出,在温度不变的条件下,通过电阻的电流与两端电压成正比。

Formula: voltage = current × resistance (V = I R).

公式:电压 = 电流 × 电阻(V = I R)。

Voltage V in volts (V), current I in amperes (A), resistance R in ohms (Ω).

电压 V 以伏特(V)为单位,电流 I 以安培(A)为单位,电阻 R 以欧姆(Ω)为单位。

Example: a 6 V battery connected to a 2 Ω resistor gives I = V / R = 6 / 2 = 3 A.

示例:6 V 电池连接 2 Ω 电阻,电流 I = 6 / 2 = 3 A。

Charge formula: charge = current × time (Q = I t), unit: coulomb (C).

电荷公式:电荷量 = 电流 × 时间(Q = I t),单位:库仑(C)。

Energy transferred: E = V Q, also E = P t, where P = V I.

能量转移:E = V Q,同时 E = P t,其中电功率 P = V I。


10. Wave Equation | 波动方程

Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. The wave speed, frequency and wavelength are linked for all types of waves.

波传递能量但不传递物质。对所有波,波速、频率和波长都有确定的关系。

Formula: wave speed = frequency × wavelength (v = f λ).

公式:波速 = 频率 × 波长(v = f λ)。

v in m/s, frequency f in hertz (Hz), wavelength λ in metres (m).

v 单位 m/s,频率 f 单位赫兹(Hz),波长 λ 单位米(m)。

Example: a sound wave of frequency 500 Hz and wavelength 0.68 m has speed v = 500 × 0.68 = 340 m/s.

示例:频率 500 Hz、波长 0.68 m 的声波,波速 v = 500 × 0.68 = 340 m/s。

Period T = 1 / f. Amplitude is the maximum displacement from rest position.

周期 T = 1 / f。振幅是偏离平衡位置的最大位移。


11. Reflection and Refraction Laws | 反射定律与折射定律

Law of reflection: angle of incidence (i) equals angle of reflection (r), measured from the normal.

反射定律:入射角 (i) 等于反射角 (r),均以法线为基准。

i = r. All angles are measured between the ray and the normal (a line perpendicular to the surface).

i = r。所有角度均指光线与法线(垂直于表面的线)之间的夹角。

Refraction: when light passes from one medium to another, it changes speed and bends. The behaviour follows Snell’s law (KS3 introduction: light bends towards the normal when entering a denser medium).

折射:光从一种介质进入另一种介质时,速度变化,光线弯曲。遵循斯涅耳定律(KS3 入门:光进入更稠密的介质时向法线偏折)。

The angle of refraction is smaller than the angle of incidence when light enters glass from air.

光从空气进入玻璃时,折射角小于入射角。


12. Key Units and Conversions | 主要单位与换算

Memorising units prevents errors in calculations. Below is a quick reference table for KS3 physics quantities.

记住单位可避免计算错误。以下是 KS3 物理量对应的速查表。

Quantity 物理量 Symbol 符号 Unit 单位 Unit symbol 单位符号
Length 长度 d, s, h, λ metre 米 m
Mass 质量 m kilogram 千克 kg
Time 时间 t second 秒 s
Force 力 F, W newton 牛顿 N
Energy/work 能量/功 E, W joule 焦耳 J
Power 功率 P watt 瓦特 W
Voltage 电压 V volt 伏特 V
Current 电流 I ampere 安培 A
Resistance 电阻 R ohm 欧姆 Ω
Frequency 频率 f hertz 赫兹 Hz

Conversions: 1 km = 1000 m, 1 hour = 3600 s, 1 kg = 1000 g, 1 N = 1 kg m/s², 1 J = 1 N m.

换算:1 千米 = 1000 米,1 小时 = 3600 秒,1 千克 = 1000 克,1 N = 1 kg·m/s²,1 J = 1 N·m。

Use these relationships confidently, and always show your working in exams.

熟练运用这些关系式,考试时务必展示计算过程。


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