📚 KS3 CIE Computer Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | KS3 CIE 计算机科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key vocabulary is the foundation of success in KS3 CIE Computer Science. This quick-reference guide breaks down essential terms across hardware, software, programming, networks, and more, helping you build confidence and fluency in the language of computing.
掌握关键词汇是 KS3 CIE 计算机科学成功的基础。这份速记指南分解了硬件、软件、编程、网络等领域的核心术语，帮助你在计算语言中建立信心和流利度。
1. Hardware Components | 硬件组成
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer that processes instructions and performs calculations. Its speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz).
中央处理器 (CPU)：计算机的大脑，负责处理指令并执行运算。它的速度以千兆赫 (GHz) 为单位。
Random Access Memory (RAM): Volatile memory that temporarily stores data and programs currently in use. Data is lost when power is turned off.
随机存取存储器 (RAM)：易失性存储器，暂时存放正在使用的数据和程序。断电后数据会丢失。
Read Only Memory (ROM): Non-volatile memory that stores firmware and the boot-up instructions (BIOS). Data remains even without power.
只读存储器 (ROM)：非易失性存储器，存储固件和启动指令 (BIOS)。即使断电数据也能保留。
Input Device: Hardware used to send data and control signals to a computer, e.g. keyboard, mouse, microphone.
输入设备：用于向计算机发送数据和控制信号的硬件，例如键盘、鼠标、麦克风。
Output Device: Hardware that presents processed data to the user, e.g. monitor, printer, speakers.
输出设备：将处理后的数据呈现给用户的硬件，例如显示器、打印机、扬声器。
Storage Device: A component that permanently saves data, such as a Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Solid State Drive (SSD), or USB flash drive.
存储设备：永久保存数据的组件，例如硬盘驱动器 (HDD)、固态驱动器 (SSD) 或 U 盘。
Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all hardware components and allows them to communicate.
主板：连接所有硬件组件并使其能相互通信的主要电路板。
2. Software Types and Functions | 软件类型与功能
System Software: Programs that manage and control hardware so that application software can run. The operating system (OS) is a key example.
系统软件：管理和控制硬件以便应用软件能够运行的程序。操作系统 (OS) 是一个关键例子。
Operating System (OS): Software that provides an interface between user, applications, and hardware, e.g. Windows, macOS, Linux.
操作系统 (OS)：在用户、应用程序和硬件之间提供接口的软件，例如 Windows、macOS、Linux。
Application Software: Programs designed to perform specific tasks for users, such as word processors, spreadsheets, and web browsers.
应用软件：为用户执行特定任务而设计的程序，例如文字处理软件、电子表格和网页浏览器。
Utility Software: System software that helps maintain, analyse, and optimise the computer, e.g. antivirus, disk defragmenter, backup tools.
实用工具软件：帮助维护、分析和优化计算机的系统软件，例如防病毒软件、磁盘碎片整理程序、备份工具。
Open Source Software: Software whose source code is freely available and can be modified and distributed by anyone.
开源软件：源代码免费开放，任何人都可以修改和分发的软件。
Proprietary Software: Software that is owned by an individual or company; its source code is usually kept secret, and users need a license.
专有软件：由个人或公司拥有的软件，其源代码通常保密，用户需要许可证才能使用。
3. Data and Binary | 数据与二进制
Bit: The smallest unit of data in a computer, represented as a single binary digit 0 or 1.
比特 (位)：计算机中最小的数据单位，用单个二进制数字 0 或 1 表示。
Byte: A group of 8 bits, commonly used to represent a character like a letter or number.
字节：由 8 个位组成的一组，通常用来表示一个字符，如字母或数字。
Nibble: Half a byte, or exactly 4 bits.
半字节：半个字节，即正好 4 个位。
Binary Number System: A base-2 number system using only digits 0 and 1. Example: the binary 1011₂ equals decimal 11.
二进制数制：仅使用数字 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数制。示例：二进制 1011₂ 等于十进制 11。
Kilobyte (KB): Approximately 1000 bytes (or 1024 bytes in some contexts). Used to measure small file sizes.
千字节 (KB)：约 1000 个字节（在某些语境下为 1024 字节）。用于衡量较小的文件大小。
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange, which assigns a unique binary number to letters, digits, and symbols.
ASCII (美国信息交换标准代码)：为字母、数字和符号分配唯一二进制编号的系统。
Pixel: The smallest addressable element in a digital image, usually represented by binary values for colour.
像素：数字图像中最小的可寻址元素，通常用代表颜色的二进制值表示。
Sampling: The process of measuring sound wave amplitude at discrete intervals to convert analogue audio into digital form.
采样：以离散间隔测量声波振幅，将模拟音频转换为数字形式的过程。
4. Networks and Internet | 网络与互联网
Local Area Network (LAN): A network that connects computers within a limited area, such as a school or an office building.
局域网 (LAN)：在有限区域内连接计算机的网络，例如在学校或办公楼内。
Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that spans a large geographical area, often made up of connected LANs. The Internet is the largest WAN.
广域网 (WAN)：跨越较大地理区域的网络，通常由多个局域网连接而成。互联网是最大的广域网。
Router: A device that forwards data packets between computer networks, directing traffic on the Internet.
路由器：在计算机网络之间转发数据包的设备，指挥互联网上的流量。
Switch: A device that connects multiple devices on a LAN and uses MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination.
交换机：连接局域网内多个设备，并使用 MAC 地址将数据转发到正确目的地的设备。
IP Address: A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network, e.g., 192.168.1.10.
IP 地址：分配给网络上每台设备的唯一数字标签，例如 192.168.1.10。
Domain Name System (DNS): The service that translates human-readable domain names (like aleveler.com) into IP addresses.
域名系统 (DNS)：将人类可读的域名 (如 aleveler.com) 转换为 IP 地址的服务。
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): The address of a web page on the Internet, e.g. https://www.example.com/index.html.
统一资源定位符 (URL)：互联网上网页的地址，例如 https://www.example.com/index.html。
Protocol: A set of rules that governs how data is transmitted and received over a network. HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and TCP/IP are common protocols.
协议：管理数据如何在网络上传输和接收的一套规则。常见的有 HTTP、HTTPS、FTP 和 TCP/IP。
5. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable: A named storage location in memory whose value can change while a program runs. In Python: score = 0.
变量：内存中已命名的存储位置，其值在程序运行过程中可以改变。在 Python 中：score = 0。
Constant: A named storage location whose value does not change during execution. Often written in uppercase to identify it, e.g. PI = 3.14.
常量：值在执行期间不改变的命名存储位置。通常用大写字母标识，例如 PI = 3.14。
Data Type: The classification of data items, such as integer (whole numbers), string (text), float (decimal numbers), and Boolean (True/False).
数据类型：数据项的分类，如整型 (整数)、字符串 (文本)、浮点型 (小数) 和布尔型 (真/假)。
Assignment: The process of giving a value to a variable, usually using the equals sign. Example: name = "Alice".
赋值：将某个值赋予变量的过程，通常使用等号。示例：name = "Alice"。
Sequence: The simplest programming structure where instructions are executed one after another in order.
顺序结构：最简单的编程结构，指令按先后顺序逐条执行。
Selection: A decision-making structure that allows a program to choose different paths based on conditions, e.g. if, elif, else statements.
选择结构：根据条件让程序选择不同路径的决策结构，例如 if、elif、else 语句。
Iteration (Loop): Repeating a block of code multiple times. Two main types are count-controlled loops (for) and condition-controlled loops (while).
迭代 (循环)：多次重复执行一段代码。主要分为计数控制循环 (for) 和条件控制循环 (while)。
Syntax Error: A mistake in the spelling or grammar of the programming language that prevents the code from running.
语法错误：编程语言拼写或语法上的错误，导致代码无法运行。
Logic Error: A flaw in the program’s algorithm that causes it to produce incorrect results even though the code runs without crashing.
逻辑错误：程序算法中的缺陷，导致代码正常运行却产生不正确的结果。
6. Algorithms and Logic | 算法与逻辑
Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or set of rules to solve a problem or complete a task. Every computer program is an implementation of an algorithm.
算法：解决某个问题或完成某项任务的分步过程或规则集。每个计算机程序都是算法的实现。
Flowchart: A graphical representation of an algorithm using symbols like ovals (start/end), parallelograms (input/output), diamonds (decisions), and arrows (flow).
流程图：使用椭圆 (开始/结束)、平行四边形 (输入/输出)、菱形 (判断) 和箭头 (流向) 等符号来表示算法的图形。
Pseudocode: A way of describing an algorithm using plain language mixed with programming-like structures, without strict syntax.
伪代码：用自然语言混合类编程结构来描述算法的方式，没有严格的语法要求。
Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts to simplify solving.
分解：将复杂问题拆分成更小、更易处理的若干部分，以简化求解。
Abstraction: The process of focusing only on the important details while ignoring irrelevant ones to manage complexity.
抽象：只关注重要细节而忽略无关细节，以管理复杂性的过程。
Pattern Recognition: Identifying similarities or common characteristics among problems or data to reuse solutions.
模式识别：识别问题或数据之间的相似性及共同特征，以便复用解决方案。
Boolean Logic: A form of algebra where all values are reduced to True or False. The main operators are AND, OR, and NOT.
布尔逻辑：一种所有值都简化为 True 或 False 的代数形式，主要运算符有 AND、OR 和 NOT。
Truth Table: A table that shows all possible inputs and the resulting outputs for a logic gate or Boolean expression.
真值表：列出逻辑门或布尔表达式所有可能输入及其对应输出的表格。
7. Databases | 数据库
Database: An organised collection of structured data stored electronically, allowing easy access, management, and updating.
数据库：以电子方式存储的结构化数据的有组织集合，便于访问、管理和更新。
Table: A structured set of data in a database, organised as rows (records) and columns (fields).
表：数据库中结构化的数据集合，以行 (记录) 和列 (字段) 组织。
Record: A single row in a table representing one entity, containing all the data fields about that entity.
记录：表中代表一个实体的单行，包含该实体的所有数据字段。
Field: A single column in a table that holds a specific piece of information, e.g., ‘Student Name’ or ‘Date of Birth’.
字段：表中存放特定信息的一个列，例如 “学生姓名” 或 “出生日期”。
Primary Key: A field that uniquely identifies each record in a table. No two records can have the same primary key value.
主键：唯一标识表中每条记录的字段。任意两条记录的主键值不能相同。
Query: A request for specific data from a database, often written in a language like SQL. It can filter, sort, and combine data.
查询：从数据库获取特定数据的请求，常用 SQL 类语言编写。它可以筛选、排序和组合数据。
Structured Query Language (SQL): A specialised language used to manage and manipulate relational databases.
结构化查询语言 (SQL)：用于管理和操作关系数据库的专用语言。
8. Cybersecurity | 网络安全
Malware: Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to computer systems. Includes viruses, worms, and trojans.
恶意软件：旨在破坏、干扰或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件，包括病毒、蠕虫和特洛伊木马。
Phishing: A social engineering attack where criminals send fraudulent emails or messages to trick people into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords.
网络钓鱼：犯罪分子发送欺诈邮件或消息，诱骗人们泄露密码等敏感信息的一种社会工程攻击。
Firewall: A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
防火墙：根据预定安全规则监视和控制进出网络流量的安全系统。
Encryption: The process of converting data into a coded form that can only be read by someone with the correct decryption key.
加密：将数据转换为只有拥有正确解密密钥之人才能读取的编码形式的过程。
Brute Force Attack: An automated method of guessing passwords by systematically trying all possible combinations until the correct one is found.
暴力攻击：一种系统地尝试所有可能组合来猜测密码，直到找出正确密码的自动化方法。
Social Engineering: Manipulating individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions that compromise security.
社会工程：操纵个人泄露机密信息或执行危及安全的操作。
Virus: A type of malware that attaches itself to a legitimate program or file and spreads to other programs when that file is shared.
病毒：一种附着在合法程序或文件上，并在共享该文件时传播到其他程序的恶意软件。
9. Digital Citizenship and Impact | 数字公民与影响
Digital Footprint: The trail of data you leave behind when using the Internet, including social media posts, browsing history, and online purchases.
数字足迹：使用互联网时留下的数据痕迹，包括社交媒体帖子、浏览历史记录和在线购物记录。
Cyberbullying: The use of digital communication tools to intimidate, harass, or threaten another person.
网络欺凌：使用数字通信工具恐吓、骚扰或威胁他人的行为。
Copyright: A legal right that protects original works of authorship, giving the creator control over how their work is used and distributed.
版权：保护原创作者作品的法律权利，使创作者能够控制其作品的使用和分发方式。
Plagiarism: The act of using someone else’s work, ideas, or code without proper acknowledgment, presenting it as your own.
抄袭：未经适当声明而使用他人的作品、想法或代码，并将其当作自己原创的行为。
E-waste: Discarded electronic appliances and components that can harm the environment if not recycled properly.
电子垃圾：被丢弃的电子设备和组件，若回收不当会危害环境。
Automation: Using technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention, increasing efficiency and often replacing manual jobs.
自动化：利用技术以最少人为干预来执行任务，提高效率并常常取代人工岗位。
Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence by machines, enabling them to learn, reason, and make decisions.
人工智能 (AI)：用机器模拟人类智能，使其能够学习、推理和做出决策。
10. Computational Thinking Techniques | 计算思维方法
Computational Thinking: A problem-solving approach that applies the principles of computer science to understand and frame solutions. It involves decomposition, abstraction, pattern recognition, and algorithmic thinking.
计算思维：一种运用计算机科学原理来理解问题并构建解决方案的方法，包含分解、抽象、模式识别和算法思维。
Decomposition: Breaking down a complex system or problem into smaller, more manageable parts that are easier to understand and solve individually.
分解：将一个复杂系统或问题拆分成更小、更易处理的部分，以便更容易地理解和逐一解决。
Abstraction: The skill of filtering out unnecessary details and focusing on the critical aspects to build simplified models of complex situations.
抽象：过滤掉不必要细节，专注于关键方面，从而为复杂情境构建简化模型的技能。
Pattern Recognition: Spotting similarities, trends, or regular occurrences in data or problems to make predictions and reuse efficient solutions.
模式识别：发现数据或问题中的相似性、趋势或规律性，从而进行预测并复用高效解决方案。
Algorithmic Thinking: The ability to create a clear, logical set of steps or rules to solve a specific problem, ensuring the solution works for all valid inputs.
算法思维：创建一套清晰、逻辑严谨的步骤或规则来解决特定问题的能力，确保解决方案对所有有效输入均适用。
Evaluation: Critically assessing whether a solution meets the requirements, is efficient, and could be improved. It involves testing, debugging, and reflecting on results.
评估：批判性地评审解决方案是否符合需求、是否高效以及能否改进。涉及测试、调试和反思结果。
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