📚 KS3 WJEC Physics: Formula & Theorem Quick-Reference Handbook | KS3 WJEC 物理：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to the KS3 WJEC Physics Formula & Theorem Quick-Reference Handbook. This guide brings together the essential equations and principles you need to master for your Key Stage 3 Physics studies under the WJEC curriculum. From motion and forces to electricity and waves, each formula is presented clearly with a brief explanation, its standard form, and a summary of the quantities involved. Use this handbook as a quick revision aid and a handy reference whenever you tackle physics problems or prepare for exams.
欢迎使用 KS3 WJEC 物理公式定理速查手册。本指南汇集了你在 WJEC 关键阶段 3 物理学习中必须掌握的核心方程和原理。从运动和力到电学和波动，每个公式都通过简明的解释、标准形式以及相关物理量汇总清晰呈现。可将本手册用作快速复习工具，在解决物理问题或备考时随手查阅。
1. Speed, Distance and Time | 速度、距离与时间
Average speed is a measure of how fast an object moves. It is found by dividing the total distance travelled by the total time taken. The formula is v = d / t, where v stands for speed, d for distance and t for time. The SI unit of speed is metres per second (m/s).
平均速度衡量物体运动的快慢。它等于通过的总距离除以所用总时间。公式为 v = d / t，其中 v 代表速度，d 代表距离，t 代表时间。速度的国际单位是米/秒（m/s）。
v = d / t
The formula uses the following quantities:
该公式使用以下物理量：
| Quantity | Symbol | SI Unit |
|---|---|---|
| 量 | 符号 | 国际单位 |
| Speed (velocity) | v | m/s |
| Distance | d | m |
| Time | t | s |
2. Acceleration | 加速度
Acceleration tells us how quickly an object’s velocity changes. It is a vector quantity. The formula is a = (v – u) / t, where v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity, and t is the time taken for the change. The unit of acceleration is metres per second squared (m/s²).
加速度描述物体速度变化的快慢，它是一个矢量。公式为 a = (v – u) / t，其中 v 是末速度，u 是初速度，t 是速度变化所用的时间。加速度的单位是米每二次方秒（m/s²）。
a = (v – u) / t
The quantities involved are:
涉及的物理量有：
| Quantity | Symbol | SI Unit |
|---|---|---|
| 量 | 符号 | 国际单位 |
| Final velocity | v | m/s |
| Initial velocity | u | m/s |
| Time | t | s |
| Acceleration | a | m/s² |
3. Newton’s Second Law | 牛顿第二定律
Newton’s Second Law describes the link between force, mass and acceleration. The resultant force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration: F = m a. Force is measured in newtons (N), mass in kilograms (kg) and acceleration in m/s².
牛顿第二定律描述了力、质量和加速度之间的关系。作用在物体上的合力等于质量乘以加速度：F = m a。力的单位是牛顿（N），质量的单位是千克（kg），加速度的单位是 m/s²。
F = m a
Summary of the quantities:
物理量汇总：
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