📚 KS3 WJEC Physics: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | KS3 WJEC 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Physics vocabulary can feel like a foreign language, but with the right shortcuts, you can lock key terms into your long-term memory. This guide groups essential KS3 WJEC physics words by topic and pairs each term with simple memory tricks – acronyms, images and everyday links – so you can recall them confidently in tests.
物理术语有时像一门新语言，但通过合适的巧记法，你能把关键词汇牢牢刻进长期记忆。这份指南将 KS3 WJEC 物理的核心单词按主题分组，并为每个术语配上简单的记忆窍门——首字母缩略、图像联想和生活联系，让你在考试中自信作答。
1. Forces and Their Effects | 力及其作用
Force is a push or pull that can change an object’s shape, speed or direction. Think of a fork – you push food with it and pull noodles towards you. That same push–pull idea works for any force.
力是能够改变物体形状、速度或方向的推或拉。想象一把叉子——你用它推食物、把面条拉向自己。力的推拉概念与此相同。
Weight is the force of gravity pulling on an object; it is measured in newtons (N). Remember: Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = mg). Picture a weighing scale on the Moon – your weight is smaller because gravity is weaker, but your mass stays the same.
重量是作用在物体上的重力，单位是牛顿(N)。记住：重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度 (W = mg)。想象一台月球上的体重秤——由于重力更弱，你的重量变轻，但质量不变。
Friction is a force that opposes sliding motion between two surfaces. Say ‘friction’ slowly – it sounds like ‘rub-iction’, reminding you that rubbing creates grip and heat. Rough surfaces give more friction, smooth surfaces give less.
摩擦力是阻碍两个表面相对滑动的力。慢慢念 ‘friction’，听起来像在摩擦。粗糙表面提供更大摩擦力，光滑表面的摩擦力较小。
Air resistance is a type of friction felt when an object moves through air. If you sprint with a large cardboard sheet in front of you, the push back is air resistance. The faster you move, the greater it becomes.
空气阻力是物体在空气中运动时感受到的一种摩擦力。若你举着一张大纸板向前冲，推回来的那股力就是空气阻力。速度越快，空气阻力越大。
Upthrust is the upward push a fluid (liquid or gas) exerts on an object. When you try to push a beach ball underwater, you feel the upthrust fighting back. Objects float when upthrust equals weight.
浮力是流体(液体或气体)对物体向上推的力。当你把沙滩球按入水中，会感到一股向上顶的力。当浮力与重量相等时，物体就漂浮。
Balanced forces mean all forces on an object cancel out; the object stays at constant speed or remains still. Imagine two equally strong teams in a tug-of-war – nobody moves. That is balance.
平衡力指作用在物体上的所有力互相抵消，物体保持静止或匀速运动。想象拔河双方力一样强——绳子不动。这就是平衡。
2. Motion and Graphs | 运动与图像
Speed is how fast something moves, without any directional information. The formula is speed = distance ÷ time. Use the DST triangle: cover the variable you want and see what to multiply or divide.
速率是物体运动快慢的描述，不包含方向。公式：速率 = 距离 ÷ 时间。使用 DST 三角：遮住要求的量，就知道该乘还是除。
Velocity is speed in a given direction. Remember the ‘V’ – it looks like an arrowhead, hinting that velocity cares about which way you go. A car turning a corner changes velocity even if its speed stays the same.
速度是带有方向的速率。记住 ‘V’ 像箭头，暗示速度与方向有关。汽车转弯时，即使速率不变，速度也改变了。
Acceleration tells you how quickly velocity changes. If a car speeds up from 0 to 20 m/s in 5 s, its acceleration is (20 – 0) ÷ 5 = 4 m/s². Think ‘a = change in v per second’.
加速度表示速度变化的快慢。若汽车在 5 秒内从 0 加速到 20 m/s，加速度为 (20 – 0) ÷ 5 = 4 m/s²。记住 ‘a = 每秒速度变化量’。
Distance–time graph: a horizontal line means stationary; a straight sloping line means constant speed; a steeper slope means faster speed. The gradient represents speed.
距离-时间图：水平线表示静止；倾斜直线表示匀速运动；斜率越陡速率越快。斜率代表速率。
Relative motion compares the velocities of two objects. If you walk forward on a moving bus, your speed relative to the ground = bus speed + walking speed. Use ‘train track thinking’ – imagine yourself as a bird watching from above.
相对运动对比两个物体的速度。在行驶的公交车上向前走，你相对地面的速度 = 车速 + 步行速度。用’鸟瞰铁轨’思维法——想象自己是一只天上的鸟在看。
3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy is the ability to do work, measured in joules (J). It cannot be created or destroyed – only transferred. Make a list of store names with a rhyme: ‘Kinetic, thermal, chemical too, gravitational pot, elastic – whoo!’
能量是做功的本领，单位为焦耳(J)。能量不能凭空产生或消失，只能转移。用押韵句记忆储存名称：’动能、热能与化学，重力势能弹性能，耶！’
Kinetic energy is the energy of moving objects. A rolling ball has kinetic energy; the faster it moves, the more kinetic energy it stores. Think ‘kinetic = motion’, both words have a ‘t’ for ‘tight’ speed.
动能是运动物体具有的能量。滚动的球拥有动能；速度越快，动能越大。记住 ‘kinetic’ 联想 ‘motion’，都含有运动的意味。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is energy stored because of an object’s height above ground. GPE = mass × gravity × height. Imagine a rock held high ready to drop – the higher, the more stored energy.
重力势能(GPE)是物体因离地高度而储存的能量。GPE = 质量 × 重力场强度 × 高度。想象一块举在高处的石头——越高，储存的能量越多。
Thermal energy is the internal energy stored because of an object’s temperature. When you rub your hands, friction transfers energy to thermal energy, warming your palms. Visualise glowing red hot particles jiggling.
热能是物体因其温度而具有的内能。搓手时，摩擦力将能量转化为热能，手掌变暖。想象发红的热粒子在抖动。
Energy transfer diagrams show how energy flows from one store to another. Draw an arrow from the source store to the destination. Example: chemical store in battery → electrical energy → light + thermal in bulb. Remember ‘C-E-L-T’ as a chain.
能量转移示意图展示能量如何从一个储存库转向另一个。从源储存库画箭头到目标储存库。例如：电池化学能 → 电能 → 灯泡光能 + 热能。用 ‘C-E-L-T’ 链条记忆。
4. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Picture a river of tiny electrons moving around a wire loop. One ampere means lots of charge flowing per second.
电流是电荷的流动，单位安培(A)。想象一连串小电子沿着导线环流动。一安培表示每秒有很多电荷流过。
Voltage (potential difference) is the ‘push’ that drives current through a circuit, measured in volts (V). Think of voltage as the height of a water slide – the higher the slide, the faster the water rushes down.
电压(电势差)是推动电流在电路中流动的’推力’，单位伏特(V)。把电压想象成水滑梯的高度——滑梯越高，水流得越急。
Resistance opposes the flow of current, measured in ohms (Ω). A narrow pipe offers more resistance to water flow; similarly, thin wires have higher resistance. Use the word ‘resis-stop’ to remember it blocks current.
电阻阻碍电流流动，单位欧姆(Ω)。窄水管对水流阻力大；同样，细导线的电阻更高。用 ‘resis-stop’ 联想它阻止电流。
Series circuits have components connected one after another in a single loop. If one bulb breaks, the whole circuit goes out – just like old Christmas lights. Current is the same everywhere.
串联电路将元件一个接一个连接成单回路。若一个灯泡损坏，整个电路断开——就像老式圣诞灯串。电流处处相同。
Parallel circuits have branches so each component gets the full voltage. If one bulb blows, the others keep shining. Imagine lanes of parallel motorways – each lane is independent.
并联电路拥有分支，每个元件都获得满额电压。若一只灯泡坏掉，其他仍亮着。想象高速公路的并行车道——各车道独立。
5. Waves: Sound and Light | 波：声与光
Wave is a disturbance that transfers energy without transferring matter. Drop a pebble in water – ripples spread out, but the water itself does not travel outward. Sound and light both travel as waves.
波是传递能量而不传递物质的一种扰动。往水里丢一颗石子——波纹扩散，但水本身并未向外移动。声和光都以波的形式传播。
Amplitude is the maximum distance a point on a wave moves from its rest position. Bigger amplitude means louder sound or brighter light. Play air-guitar – the wider your hand moves, the greater the amplitude you imagine.
振幅是波上某点偏离平衡位置的最大距离。振幅越大，声音越响或光越亮。弹空气吉他时，手挥动幅度越大，模拟的振幅就越大。
Wavelength is the distance between two identical points on consecutive waves, e.g. crest to crest. Symbol λ (lambda) looks like an upside-down ‘y’ that connects peaks over a distance.
波长是相邻波上两个相同点(如波峰到波峰)的距离。符号 λ (lambda) 像倒写的 ‘y’，跨越一段距离连接波峰。
Frequency is the number of waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). High frequency = high pitch for sound. Think ‘frequent’ – lots of waves in a short time means high frequency.
频率是每秒通过某点的波数，单位赫兹(Hz)。声音频率高则音调高。记住 ‘frequent’ 表示频繁——短时间内波数多就是频率高。
Reflection is when a wave bounces off a surface. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Pictionary trick: draw a ray hitting a mirror and a matching ray bouncing off symmetrically.
反射是波从表面弹回的现象。入射角等于反射角。画图小妙招：画一条光线射向镜子，再对称地画一条反射光线。
Refraction is the bending of waves when they change speed entering a new medium. A straw looks bent in water because light changes speed. Remember ‘refraction = bending by speed change’.
折射是波进入新介质时因速度变化而发生弯曲。吸管插在水中看似弯折，正是因为光速改变。记住 ‘折射 = 速度变化引致弯曲’。
6. Matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases | 物质：固液气
Particle model describes matter as tiny, moving particles. In a solid, particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and only vibrate in fixed positions. In a liquid, particles are close but can move past each other. In a gas, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions.
粒子模型将物质描述为不断运动的微小粒子。固体中粒子紧密排列成规则结构，仅在固定位置振动。液体中粒子紧密但能相互滑移。气体中粒子相距很远，朝各个方向高速运动。
Density is mass per unit volume (density = mass ÷ volume). Lead is denser than cork because its particles are more tightly packed. Visualise a crowded dance floor – more people in the same space means higher density.
密度是单位体积的质量(密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积)。铅比软木密实，因为铅的粒子堆积更紧密。想象拥挤的舞池——同样空间人数越多，密度越大。
Diffusion is the spreading of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration. Perfume scent diffuses across a room without wind. It happens fastest in gases, slower in liquids and not at all in solids.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域扩散的过程。香水气味在没有风时也能弥漫整个房间。扩散在气体中最快，液体中慢，固体中不发生。
Pressure in gases is caused by particles colliding with container walls. Increasing temperature makes particles move faster, hitting walls harder and raising pressure. Think of popcorn popping – kernels hit the lid, building pressure.
气体压强由粒子撞击容器壁产生。升温使粒子运动加快，撞击力度增大，压强升高。想想爆米花——玉米粒撞向锅盖，累积压力。
Changes of state: melting (solid → liquid), freezing (liquid → solid), boiling/evaporating (liquid → gas), condensing (gas → liquid). MEPCo – ‘Melt, Evaporate, Pour, Condense’ – a silly sentence helps.
物态变化：熔化(固→液)、凝固(液→固)、沸腾/蒸发(液→气)、凝结(气→液)。用 ‘METCo’ 的首字母或自编滑稽句子帮助记忆。
7. Space Physics | 空间物理
Solar System consists of the Sun, eight planets, their moons and smaller objects. Planet order: My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune). This mnemonic has been used for decades.
太阳系由太阳、八大行星、它们的卫星及较小的天体组成。行星顺序：My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming (水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星)。这个助记句流传已久。
Gravity keeps planets in orbit around the Sun. It is a non-contact force that pulls masses together. The stronger the mass, the stronger the pull. Imagine a bowling ball on a stretched sheet bending the space around it – smaller balls roll towards it.
重力使行星绕太阳公转。它是一种将质量拉近的非接触力。质量越大，引力越强。想象一张拉紧的床单上放一个保龄球——它使周围空间弯曲，小球便会滚向它。
Orbit is the curved path of a celestial body around a star, planet or moon. Satellites stay in orbit because gravity provides the centripetal force needed. Think of swinging a bucket of water – the inward pull keeps it going in circles.
轨道是围绕恒星、行星或月球运行的天体所走的弯曲路径。卫星之所以保持在轨，是因为重力提供了所需的向心力。想象抡圆了甩一桶水——向内的拉力使其做圆周运动。
Day and night are caused by Earth rotating on its axis once every 24 hours. Visualise a torch (Sun) lighting one side of a spinning globe; the other side stays dark. Earth’s tilt causes seasons.
昼夜由地球每 24 小时自转一次引起。想象手电筒(太阳)照亮旋转地球仪的一侧，另一侧保持黑暗。地轴倾斜导致了四季。
8. Working Scientifically | 科学探究方法
Independent variable is the factor you deliberately change in an experiment. ‘I’ for ‘I change’. If you test how length of a pendulum affects swing time, length is the independent variable.
自变量是你在实验中特意改变的因素。记住’I’ 代表 ‘I change'(我改变)。若测试摆长对摆动时间的影响，摆长就是自变量。
Dependent variable is the factor you measure or observe. ‘D’ for ‘data you collect’. In the pendulum test, swing time is the dependent variable because it depends on length.
因变量是你测量或观察的因素。记住 ‘D’ 代表 ‘data you collect'(你收集的数据)。在摆锤测试中，摆动时间就是因变量，因为它依赖于摆长。
Control variables are all the things you keep the same to ensure a fair test. For a pendulum, you might keep the same mass and release angle. Think of a referee keeping rules fair.
控制变量是你保持不变以保障公平测试的所有因素。对于摆锤，你可能要保持质量和释放角度不变。想象裁判维持规则公平。
Hypothesis is an educated prediction based on scientific reasoning. Structure: ‘If … then … because …’ For example: ‘If the length increases, then the swing time increases because the bob has farther to travel.’
假设是基于科学推理的有根据的预测。结构：’如果……那么……因为……’ 例如：’如果摆长增加，那么摆动时间增加，因为摆锤需要走的路径更长了。’
Precision and accuracy: precise results are consistent when repeated; accurate results are close to the true value. Imagine darts: tightly grouped darts are precise; hitting the bullseye is accurate.
精密度与准确度：精密度指重复测量结果的一致程度；准确度指结果接近真实值的程度。想象飞镖：一群镖紧靠在一起是精密；正中靶心是准确。
9. Command Words in Exams | 考试指令词
Describe means ‘tell me what you see’ or ‘state the steps’. Do not give reasons. Example: ‘Describe the graph’ – mention the shape, slope and key points. Think ‘describe = picture details’.
描述(Describe) 意思是’告诉我你看到什么’或’叙述步骤’，无需解释原因。例如：’描述该图’——说出形状、斜率和关键点。记住’描述 = 画面细节’。
Explain requires the ‘why’ using scientific concepts. Use ‘because’ or ‘so’. If asked ‘Explain why the balloon expands’, say ‘because particles move faster and hit walls more often’. Attach the word ‘reason’ to explain.
解释(Explain) 要求用科学概念说明原因，要用’因为’或’所以’。若问’解释气球为什么会膨胀’，你要说’因为粒子运动变快，更频繁撞击内壁’。把’原因’和解释挂钩。
Compare means identify similarities AND differences. Write ‘Both …’ or ‘Similarly …’ for similarities, and ‘However …’ for differences. A table in your mind can help.
比较(Compare) 意为找出相似点和不同点。相似处写’两者都……’或’类似地……’，不同处写’然而……’。可以在脑内先画个表格。
Evaluate asks you to weigh up evidence, give a conclusion, and often comment on method reliability. Use phrases like ‘The data suggests … but the experiment could be improved by …’. Think of a judge evaluating a talent show.
评价(Evaluate) 要求权衡证据、给出结论，通常还需评论方法是否可靠。使用例如’数据表明……但实验可通过……改进’。想象评委在评价才艺表演。
Calculate means show your working and give a numerical answer with correct units. Always write the formula, substitute numbers, then compute. ‘CALC = careful arithmetic leads to credit’.
计算(Calculate) 意为展示演算步骤并给出带正确单位的结果。始终写出公式、代入数字，再计算。’计算 = 细心运算有分拿’。
10. Memory Techniques Summary | 记忆技巧总结
Use these quick tricks for any physics term. Acronyms: take the first letter of each word (e.g. ‘DVT’ for dependent variable, independent variable, control). Imagery: link the word to a vivid picture – for ‘upthrust’, picture a dolphin thrusting you upward. Rhyme and rhythm: set definitions to a simple beat. Story chains: weave five terms into a short tale. Regular retrieval: write a term from memory, check, and repeat after a day.
使用这些快速技巧记忆任何物理术语。首字母缩略：取每个词的首字母(如 ‘DVT’ 代表因变量、自变量、控制变量)。图像法：把术语和生动的画面挂钩——对于 ‘upthrust’，想象海豚向上推你。韵文节奏：把定义编成歌谣。故事链：把五个术语串成一个小故事。定期自测：默写一个术语，核对，一天后重测。
| Technique / 技巧 | How it helps / 作用 |
|---|---|
| Acronyms / 首字母缩略 | Condense lists into one memorable word / 将列表浓缩为易记的单词 |
| Visual links / 视觉关联 | Create mental images that stick / 创建易于留存的脑内图像 |
| Rhymes / 押韵 | Tap into your brain’s love for patterns / 利用大脑对模式的偏好 |
| Retrieval practice / 自测练习 | Strengthens long-term memory pathways / 强化长期记忆通路 |
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