📚 Pre-U Edexcel Science: Key Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Pre-U Edexcel 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is essential for success in Pre-U Edexcel Science, as precise terminology unlocks understanding across physics, chemistry, and biology. This guide presents key terms with clear definitions in both English and Chinese, helping you memorise and apply them confidently in exams and practical work.
掌握科学词汇对于在 Pre-U Edexcel 科学中取得成功至关重要，因为精确的术语能够打开物理、化学和生物学理解的大门。本指南以清晰的双语定义呈现关键术语，帮助您记忆并在考试和实践中自信运用。
1. Physics: Mechanics and Motion | 物理：力学与运动
Displacement is a vector quantity that measures the shortest distance from the initial position to the final position of an object, together with its direction.
位移是一个矢量，测量物体从初始位置到最终位置的最短距离及其方向。
Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement; it is a vector quantity that specifies both speed and direction.
速度定义为位移的变化率；它是一个矢量，同时指明速率和方向。
Acceleration refers to the rate of change of velocity with respect to time; an object accelerates if it speeds up, slows down, or changes direction.
加速度指速度随时间的变化率；物体若加速、减速或改变方向，均存在加速度。
Newton’s first law of motion states that an object will remain at rest or continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external resultant force.
牛顿第一运动定律指出，除非受到外力作用，否则物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。
2. Physics: Waves and Optics | 物理：波与光学
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its equilibrium position; it determines the energy carried by the wave.
振幅是波上某一点相对于平衡位置的最大位移；它决定了波所携带的能量。
Frequency is the number of complete oscillations or cycles that pass a given point per unit time, typically measured in hertz (Hz).
频率是单位时间内通过某一点的完整振动或周期的次数，通常以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位。
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points that are in phase on a wave, such as crest to crest or trough to trough.
波长是波上两个相邻同相点之间的距离，例如相邻波峰或波谷之间的距离。
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave as it passes from one medium into another due to a change in its speed.
折射是波从一种介质进入另一种介质时，因速度改变而引起的传播方向变化。
3. Physics: Electricity and Magnetism | 物理：电与磁
Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor; it is measured in amperes (A).
电流是电荷通过导体的流动速率，以安培 (A) 为单位。
Voltage, or potential difference, is the work done per unit charge to move charge between two points in a circuit.
电压，也称电势差，是将单位电荷在电路中两点间移动所做的功。
Resistance quantifies the opposition to the flow of electric current in a material; it depends on the material’s properties, length, and cross‑sectional area.
电阻量化了材料对电流流动的阻碍作用；其大小取决于材料性质、长度和横截面积。
Magnetic flux density (B) indicates the strength of a magnetic field at a point, defined as the force per unit length on a current‑carrying conductor placed perpendicular to the field.
磁通量密度 (B) 表示某点磁场的强弱，定义为单位长度载流导体垂直置于磁场中所受的力。
4. Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Bonding | 化学：原子结构与化学键
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom, denoted by the symbol p⁺.
质子是存在于原子核中的带正电的亚原子粒子，符号为 p⁺。
An ion is formed when an atom or group of atoms gains or loses electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge.
原子或原子团通过得到或失去电子而形成的带有净正电荷或负电荷的粒子称为离子。
A covalent bond is a chemical link that involves the sharing of one or more electron pairs between two atoms, typically non‑metals.
共价键是两个原子（通常为非金属）通过共享一对或多对电子而形成的化学键。
The mole (mol) is the SI unit for amount of substance, containing as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon‑12, approximately 6.02 × 10²³ entities.
摩尔 (mol) 是物质的量的国际单位，其所含基本单元数与 12 g 碳‑12 中的原子数相同，约为 6.02 × 10²³ 个。
5. Chemistry: Energetics and Kinetics | 化学：能量学与动力学
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that reacting particles must possess for a successful collision leading to a reaction.
活化能是反应物粒子发生有效碰撞并引发反应所需的最低能量。
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, and it remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.
催化剂是通过提供具有较低活化能的替代反应路径来提高反应速率的物质，且在反应结束时自身化学性质保持不变。
An exothermic reaction releases thermal energy to the surroundings, often causing a temperature increase; the enthalpy change (ΔH) is negative.
放热反应向周围环境释放热能，常导致温度升高；其焓变 (ΔH) 为负值。
Rate of reaction measures how quickly reactants are converted into products, usually expressed as the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time.
反应速率衡量反应物转化为产物的快慢，通常表示为反应物或产物浓度在单位时间内的变化量。
6. Chemistry: Organic Chemistry Fundamentals | 化学：有机化学基础
A homologous series is a family of organic compounds that share the same general formula and functional group, with each successive member differing by a –CH₂– unit.
同系物是具有相同通式和官能团的一系列有机化合物，相邻成员之间相差一个 –CH₂– 单元。
A functional group is a specific atom or group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that substance.
官能团是分子内特定的原子或原子团，决定了该物质特有的化学反应。
Isomers are compounds that possess the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms in space, leading to different physical or chemical properties.
同分异构体是分子式相同但原子空间排列不同的化合物，导致其物理或化学性质各异。
Polymerisation is the chemical process in which many small monomer molecules join together by covalent bonds to form a long‑chain polymer.
聚合反应是许多小分子单体通过共价键连接起来形成长链聚合物的化学过程。
7. Biology: Cell Structure and Function | 生物：细胞结构与功能
The nucleus is a membrane‑bound organelle that contains the cell’s chromosomes and acts as the control centre for cellular activities by regulating gene expression.
细胞核是由膜包裹的细胞器，内含染色体，并通过调控基因表达来充当细胞活动的控制中心。
Mitochondria are double‑membraned organelles where aerobic respiration takes place, generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the cell’s energy currency.
线粒体是双层膜结构的细胞器，是有氧呼吸发生的场所，产生三磷酸腺苷 (ATP) 作为细胞的能量货币。
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that controls the entry and exit of substances, maintaining internal conditions.
细胞膜是由磷脂双分子层构成的选择性透过膜，控制物质的进出，维持内部环境。
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane.
渗透作用是水分子通过半透膜从水势较高区域向水势较低区域的净移动。
8. Biology: Genetics and Inheritance | 生物：遗传与继承
A gene is a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a functional product, usually a protein or RNA molecule.
基因是 DNA 核苷酸的特定序列，编码功能性产物，通常是蛋白质或 RNA 分子。
An allele is one of the alternative versions of a gene that arises by mutation and occupies a specific locus on a chromosome.
等位基因是基因的其中一个可替换版本，由突变产生，并占据染色体上的特定位点。
A dominant allele is one whose characteristic is expressed in the phenotype even when only one copy is present in a heterozygous genotype.
显性等位基因是指即使在杂合基因型中只存在一个拷贝，其控制的性状也能够在表现型中显示出来。
Phenotype describes the observable physical, physiological, or biochemical traits of an organism, determined by the interaction of genotype and environment.
表现型描述生物体可观察到的物理、生理或生化特征，由基因型与环境的相互作用决定。
9. Biology: Ecology and Ecosystems | 生物：生态与生态系统
An ecosystem comprises a community of living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with one another and with their non‑living (abiotic) environment.
生态系统由生物群落（生物因素）与其非生物环境（非生物因素）相互作用而构成。
A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographical area at the same time and capable of interbreeding.
种群是生活在同一地域、同一时段且能够相互交配的同种个体的集合。
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