Pre-U AQA Chinese: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Pre-U AQA 中文：公式定理速查手册

📚 Pre-U AQA Chinese: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Pre-U AQA 中文：公式定理速查手册

Mastering Chinese grammar for the AQA Pre-U Mandarin examination is not just about memorising words – it requires a systematic approach. Treat sentence patterns as reliable formulas that you can apply when speaking or writing. This quick reference handbook collects the essential grammar “theorems” you need, each presented with a clear structural formula, followed by concise explanations and practical examples in both English and Chinese. Commit these patterns to memory, and you will be able to construct accurate, natural sentences under timed conditions.

要在 AQA Pre-U 中文考试中掌握语法，不能只靠死记硬背单词，还需要一套系统的方法。把句式当成可靠的公式，在口语和写作中加以运用。这份速查手册汇集了必备的语法“定理”，每个条目都提供了清晰的结构公式，并附有中英双语解释和实用例句。熟记这些模式，你就能在限时压力下写出准确、自然的句子。

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1. The 把 (bǎ) Construction | 把字句

The 把 construction is used to emphasise the disposal or result of an action on a definite object. The basic formula moves the object before the verb, often followed by a complement or 了 to indicate a completed outcome.

把字句用于强调对确定宾语的处理及其结果。基本公式将宾语前移至动词前，通常后面跟着补语或“了”来表示完成的结果。

Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement / 了

For example, “I finished reading that book” becomes 我把那本书看完了, where 那本书 is the definite object, 看 is the verb and 完 is the result complement, followed by 了. This pattern is extremely common in narratives and instructions, so you should practise rephrasing ordinary SVO sentences into the 把 structure whenever a clear result or disposal is implied.

例如，“我把那本书看完了” 中，“那本书”是确指的宾语，“看”是动词，“完”是结果补语，句尾有“了”。这种句式在叙述和说明中极常见，凡含有明确处置或结果意味时，都应练习将普通主谓宾句转为把字句。

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2. The 被 (bèi) Passive | 被字句

The 被 passive voice shifts the focus onto the recipient of an action. While the agent can be omitted, the structure always begins with the patient and uses 被 (or its spoken variants 让, 叫, 给) to introduce the agent if necessary.

被字句将焦点转移到动作的承受者上。施事者可以省略，但句式总是以受事者开头，需要时用“被”（或口语变体“让、叫、给”）引出施事者。

Patient + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement / 了

Example: 我的杯子被弟弟打破了 (My cup was broken by my younger brother). Unlike English, the 被 construction in Chinese usually carries an adverse or unexpected nuance, though neutral usage is becoming more common in modern written Chinese. Avoid overusing it; only employ it when the passive focus is truly required.

例句：“我的杯子被弟弟打破了。” 与英语不同，汉语的“被”字句通常带有不如意或出乎意料的意味，尽管现代书面语中中性用法日益增多。要避免滥用；只有在确实需要突出被动感受时使用。

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3. Comparative Structures (比) | 比较句

To compare two entities, use the 比 construction with a stative verb (adjective) or a verbal phrase. The degree of difference can be expressed by adding modifiers like 多了, 一些 or 得多了 after the adjective.

比较两个事物时，使用“比”字句搭配状态动词（形容词）或动词短语。差异程度可在形容词后加“多了、一些、得多了”等补足。

A + 比 + B + Adjective (+ 得多 / 一些 / 多了)

If you want to say “This book is much more expensive than that one”, the formula gives 这本书比那本贵得多. For negative comparison, 没有 is often preferred: A 没有 B 那么 Adj. This is a high-frequency pattern in the speaking exam when you are asked to discuss preferences or make choices.

如果要表达“这本书比那本贵得多”，套用公式即可。否定比较常用“没有”：A 没有 B 那么 + 形容词。在口语考试中讨论偏好或选择时，这一结构出现频率极高。

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4. Resultative Complements | 结果补语

A resultative complement is an adjective or verb placed directly after the main verb to indicate the outcome of the action. These complements answer the question “what was the result?” and form a tight verb–complement unit that cannot be separated by aspect markers (aspect particles like 了 go after the complement).

结果补语是紧跟在动词后的形容词或动词，表示动作的结果。它回答“结果如何”，并与动词构成不可分割的动词-补语整体，动态助词“了”要放在补语之后。

Verb + Result Complement (+ 了)

Common examples: 看见 (see, with result 见), 听懂 (listen and understand, with 懂), 吃完 (eat and finish, with 完). In 我听懂了他的意思, 懂 is the result of 听. Pay attention to the word order when negating: use 没 before the verb–complement unit, as in 没听懂 (did not understand through listening).

常见例子：看见、听懂、吃完。在“我听懂了他的意思”中，“懂”是“听”的结果。注意否定时要把“没”放在整个动词-补语结构前，如“没听懂”。

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5. Potential Complements | 可能补语

Potential complements express the ability or possibility of achieving a result. They are formed by inserting 得 (positive) or 不 (negative) between the verb and the result or direction complement, creating a structure that functions like “can / cannot” in English.

可能补语表示能否达到某种结果，在动词和结果/趋向补语之间插入“得”（肯定）或“不”（否定），构成类似于英语 can / cannot 的结构。

Verb + 得 / 不 + Result/Direction Complement

For instance, 听 + 得/不 + 懂 yields 听得懂 (able to understand by listening) and 听不懂 (unable to understand by listening). Unlike the modal verb 能, which emphasises permission or general ability, potential complements focus on whether the specific outcome is achievable. Use them when you want to comment on the feasibility of an action in a given context.

例如，“听”加“得/不”加“懂”构成“听得懂”和“听不懂”。与情态动词“能”不同，“能”强调许可或一般能力，可能补语则聚焦于特定结果能否达成。当你想评论某一具体行为是否可行时，应使用可能补语。

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6. Directional Complements | 趋向补语

Directional complements combine a simple direction (e.g. 上, 下, 进, 出, 回, 过, 起) with 来 or 去 to indicate the direction of movement relative to the speaker. The object, if it is a place, is inserted between the simple direction and 来/去; if it is a thing, it can appear before or after 来/去.

趋向补语由简单趋向词（上、下、进、出、回、过、起）与“来”或“去”组合而成，表示相对于说话人的移动方向。若宾语为地点，则插在简单趋向词与“来/去”之间；若为事物，则可前置或后置。

Verb + Direction + (Place Object) + 来 / 去

Example: 走下楼去 (walk downstairs, away from speaker), 跑回宿舍来 (run back to the dorm, towards speaker). Abstract extended meanings also appear: 笑起来了 (started laughing) uses 起来 as an inchoative “formula” indicating the beginning of an action. Familiarity with these compound directions is essential for describing movements naturally.

例如：“走下楼去”（离开说话人）、“跑回宿舍来”（朝说话人方向）。还有引申用法：“笑起来了”用“起来”表示动作开始。熟练掌握复合趋向补语是自然描述动作的必备技能。

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7. The 是…的 (shì…de) Emphasis | “是…的”强调结构

This structure is used to emphasise the time, place, manner, or agent of a past action. It is not a general past tense marker, but a focus device: 是 is placed before the highlighted detail, and 的 comes at the end of the clause (or before the object).

这一结构用于强调过去动作发生的时间、地点、方式或施事者。它不是泛泛的过去时标记，而是焦点手段：“是”放在被强调的细节前，“的”置于小句末尾（或宾语前）。

(Subject) + 是 + Emphasised Detail + Verb + 的 (+ Object)

Saying 我是昨天到的北京 highlights the time (昨天); 他是坐飞机来的 emphasises the means of transport. The 是 can be omitted in casual speech, but the 的 remains. This is a high-value pattern for the writing paper when you need to give precise background information.

说“我是昨天到的北京”强调时间，“他是坐飞机来的”强调交通方式。口语中“是”可省略，“的”必须保留。这是写作卷中提供精准背景信息的高价值句式。

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8. Serial Verb Sentences | 连动句

A serial verb sentence strings two or more verb phrases together to describe a sequence of actions or to indicate the purpose of a movement. The subject performs all the actions, and no conjunction such as “and” is required between the verb phrases.

连动句用两个或以上动词短语连用，描述一连串动作或表示移动的目的。主语执行所有动作，动词短语之间无需类似“and”的连词。

Subject + VP₁ (+ VP₂) (+ VP₃)

Examples: 我去图书馆借书 (I go to the library to borrow a book – purpose), 他开门走出去 (He opened the door and walked out – consecutive actions). Remember that aspect particles like 了 are usually attached to the final verb or repeated on each verb, depending on the focus. This pattern helps you avoid run-on sentences.

例子：“我去图书馆借书”（目的），“他开门走出去”（连续动作）。注意“了”等动态助词通常依附于最后动词或根据表达需要重复。掌握连动句能帮你避免流水句错误。

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9. Pivotal Sentences | 兼语句

A pivotal sentence features a noun or pronoun that acts as the object of the first verb and simultaneously as the subject of the second verb. The first verb is typically a causative, permissive or directive verb such as 请, 让, 叫, 派, 使, 令.

兼语句中，一个名词或代词既是前面动词的宾语，又是后面动词的主语。第一个动词常为致使、允让或指示义动词，如“请、让、叫、派、使、令”。

Subject + V₁ + Pivot (+ V₂ + …)

In 妈妈让我学中文, 我 is the pivot: object of 让 and subject of 学. Pivotal sentences often express requests, commands or causes. Do not confuse them with serial verb sentences – here the two verbs do not share the same subject. This structure is very frequent in both formal and informal registers, so aim to use it naturally when narrating events or giving instructions.

在“妈妈让我学中文”中，“我”是兼语：作“让”的宾语和“学”的主语。兼语句常表达请求、命令或致使。勿与连动句混淆——此处两个动词主语不同。这一结构在正式和口语语体中都很常见，叙述事件或发出指示时要力求使用自然。

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10. The 越…越… Pattern | “越…越…”结构

The 越…越… pattern shows a positive or negative correlation: “the more… the more…”. It can link adjectives, verbs or whole clauses, and is extremely useful for expressing changing degrees.

“越…越…”结构表示递进或相关变化：“越……越……”可以连接形容词、动词或整句，表达程度变化时非常实用。

(Subject) + 越 + Adj./V + 越 + Adj./V

Examples: 天气越冷越好 (the colder the weather, the better) or 我越看越喜欢 (the more I look, the more I like it). You can also use two different subjects: 你越说，他越不听 (the more you talk, the less he listens). This pattern adds flexibility to your comparisons and is often tested in the grammar section of the exam.

例子：“天气越冷越好”“我越看越喜欢”。还可以有两个不同的主语：“你越说，他越不听。” 这一结构能丰富你的比较表达，也是考试语法常考点。

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11. Expressing ‘Except / Besides’ with 除了…以外 | 除了…以外

The framework 除了…以外 can be combined with 还/也 (in addition) or 都 (all) to indicate inclusion or exclusion. It is a ready-made formula for structuring paragraphs when you want to add information or emphasise a sole exception.

“除了…以外”可以与“还/也”（表示附加）或“都”（表示排除）搭配，构成现成的段落组织公式，在你需要补充信息或强调唯一例外时非常有用。

除了 + A + 以外, (Subj.) + 还/也 + VP

除了 + A + 以外, (Subj.) + 都 + VP

For inclusion: 除了中文以外，我还会说日语 (Besides Chinese, I can also speak Japanese). For exclusion: 除了他以外，大家都到了 (Everyone is here except him). Note that 以外 can be omitted in informal speech. This pattern is indispensable for well-structured written arguments in the Pre-U essay.

表示附加：“除了中文以外，我还会说日语”。表示排除：“除了他以外，大家都到了”。口语中可以省略“以外”。这个句式是 Pre-U 论文中组织严密议论不可或缺的工具。

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12. Common Logical Connectors and Paired Conjunctions | 常见逻辑关联词

Chinese relies heavily on paired conjunctions to express logical relationships such as cause–effect, contrast, condition, and concession. Treat these pairs as formulaic blocks: learn them as fixed duets and practise inserting them into your sentences. Below is a quick-reference table of the most essential connectors for the exam.

汉语高度依赖成对关联词表达因果、转折、条件、让步等逻辑关系。把这些搭配当作公式化的模块：作为固定搭档学习，并练习将其插入句子。下表是考试最关键的关联词速查。

English Pair	Chinese Pair	Example (Chinese / English)
because… therefore…	因为…所以…	因为下雨，所以我们没去。 Because it rained, we did not go.
although… but…	虽然…但是…	虽然很累，但是他还是完成了作业。 Although he was tired, he still finished his homework.
if… then…	如果…就…	如果你有时间，我们就去看电影。 If you have time, we will go watch a film.
not only… but also…	不但…而且…	他不但聪明，而且很努力。 He is not only clever, but also hard-working.
as long as…	只要…就…	只要你努力，就一定能成功。 As long as you work hard, you will certainly succeed.
even if…	即使…也…	即使明天下雨，我们也要去。 Even if it rains tomorrow, we will still go.

When using these conjunctions, remember that the second half (所以, 但是, 就, 而且, 也) cannot appear at the very beginning of an independent sentence; it must follow a clause or implied condition. Practice combining simple ideas into compound sentences using these pairs, and your writing will immediately sound more cohesive and authoritative.

使用这些关联词时，记住后半部分（所以、但是、就、而且、也）不能单独出现在独立句首，必须承接前文条件。多练习用这些成对连词将简单观点组合为复句，你的写作会立刻显得更连贯、更有说服力。

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