Pre-U AQA Politics: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Pre-U AQA 政治：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Pre-U AQA Politics: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Pre-U AQA 政治：词汇术语速记指南

This guide offers a concise, bilingual overview of the essential terminology for the Pre-U AQA Politics course. Mastering these key terms will help you grasp complex political concepts and excel in your exams. Each term is presented in English and Chinese with a clear, exam-focused definition.

本指南以中英双语简明概述了Pre-U AQA政治课程的关键术语。掌握这些重要词汇有助于你理解复杂的政治概念，并在考试中脱颖而出。每个术语都配有英中对译和简明扼要的考向定义，帮助你高效记忆。

1. Core Concepts: Power, Authority, Legitimacy | 核心概念：权力、权威、合法性

Power: The ability to influence or control the behaviour of people, often exercised through coercion, persuasion, or structural constraints. It can be held by individuals, groups, or institutions.

权力：影响或控制他人行为的能力，常通过强制、说服或结构性约束来行使。它可由个人、团体或机构掌握。

Authority: Legitimate power; the right to give orders and expect them to be obeyed. According to Max Weber, authority rests on traditional, charismatic, or legal-rational grounds.

权威：合法化的权力；发布命令并期望得到服从的权利。马克斯·韦伯认为，权威建立在传统、超凡魅力或法理基础之上。

Legitimacy: The widespread acceptance that a ruler, government, or political system has the right to govern. Legitimacy ensures stability and reduces the need for coercive force.

合法性：民众对统治者、政府或政治体制拥有统治权的广泛认可。合法性确保稳定，减少对强制力量的依赖。

Coercion: The practice of forcing someone to act in a certain way by use of threats, intimidation, or violence, rather than consent.

强制：通过威胁、恐吓或暴力而非同意，强迫他人以特定方式行动的做法。

Consent: The voluntary agreement of the governed to be ruled by a particular government, often expressed through elections, referendums, or social contract theory.

同意：被统治者自愿同意接受某一政府统治，通常通过选举、公民投票或社会契约论表达。

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2. The State and Sovereignty | 国家与主权

State: A political association that exercises sovereign jurisdiction within defined territorial borders, with a permanent population, a functioning government, and recognition by other states.

国家：在确定的领土边界内行使主权管辖权，拥有常住人口、有效政府并得到其他国家承认的政治实体。

Sovereignty: The principle of supreme and absolute authority within a territory. It implies that the state is independent from external control and is the ultimate source of law.

主权：领土内至高无上的绝对权威原则。它意味着国家不受外部控制，是法律的最终来源。

Internal sovereignty: The location of the highest authority within a state, which makes and enforces laws over all individuals and groups inside its borders.

对内主权：国家内部最高权力的所在，该权力对其境内所有个人和团体制定并执行法律。

External sovereignty: The state’s independence from other states and its ability to act as an autonomous entity in international relations.

对外主权：国家相对于其他国家的独立性，及其作为自主行为主体参与国际关系的能力。

Nation: A group of people bound together by shared culture, language, history, or ethnicity, and often aspiring to self-government. A nation-state exists when the boundaries of a state coincide with those of a nation.

民族：由共同的文化、语言、历史或族裔联系在一起的群体，常渴望自治。当国家疆界与民族疆界重合时，即形成民族国家。

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3. Democracy and Representation | 民主与代表制

Democracy: A system of government in which the people rule, either directly by voting on policies, or indirectly through elected representatives. Competitive elections and widespread participation are core features.

民主：人民进行统治的政体，要么通过直接对政策投票，要么通过选举代表间接统治。竞争性选举和广泛参与是其核心特征。

Direct democracy: Citizens vote directly on laws and policies, bypassing representatives. Modern examples include referendums and citizens’ initiatives.

直接民主：公民绕开代表，直接对法律和政策进行投票。现代实例包括公民投票和公民创制。

Representative democracy: Citizens choose politicians to make decisions on their behalf in regular, free, and fair elections. Accountability and representation are hallmarks of this model.

代议制民主：公民通过定期、自由、公正的选举选出政治家代为决策。问责和代表是这一模式的标志。

Liberal democracy: A representative democracy that enshrines individual rights, the rule of law, and checks and balances, ensuring that majority rule does not override minority protections.

自由民主制：一种代议制民主，其制度保障个人权利、法治和制衡，确保多数统治不会凌驾于少数人保护之上。

Tyranny of the majority: A risk inherent in democracies where the majority uses its power to suppress the rights of minorities. Liberal democracies seek to prevent this through constitutional safeguards.

多数暴政：民主政体中固有一种风险，即多数利用其权力压制少数的权利。自由民主制通过宪政保障试图防止这一情况。

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4. Liberty and Rights | 自由与权利

Liberty: The condition of being free from oppressive restrictions on one’s behaviour or political views. It is often divided into negative and positive liberty.

自由：一个人的行为或政治观点免受压迫性限制的状态，常被分为消极自由与积极自由。

Negative liberty: The absence of external interference; freedom from coercion. Individuals are free to act as they wish provided they do not harm others (J.S. Mill’s harm principle).

消极自由：无外部干涉的状态；免于强制的自由。只要不伤害他人，个人可以随心所欲地行动（密尔的伤害原则）。

Positive liberty: The ability to be one’s own master, to pursue self-development, and to participate in political life. It may require state provision of resources such as education.

积极自由：做自己的主人、追求自我发展和参与政治生活的能力。它可能要求国家提供资源，如教育。

Rights: Moral or legal entitlements to act or be treated in a particular way. They are often protected by law and based on notions of justice, human dignity, or citizenship.

权利：以特定方式行事或被对待的道德或法律资格。它们常受法律保护，并以正义、人的尊严或公民身份为基础。

Human rights: Universal rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of nationality, race, or religion. Documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights codify them.

人权：所有人不分国籍、种族或宗教生而具有的普遍权利。《世界人权宣言》等文件将其编纂成文。

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5. Equality and Justice | 平等与正义

Equality: The principle that all individuals should be treated equally, whether in terms of opportunity, outcome, or before the law. Formal equality stresses equal treatment, while substantive equality addresses unequal starting points.

平等：所有个人应被平等对待的原则，无论是机会平等、结果平等还是在法律面前平等。形式平等强调同等待遇，实质平等则处理起点不公。

Formal equality: Equal legal and political rights, such as one person one vote. It does not require equality of wealth or social conditions.

形式平等：平等的法律和政治权利，如一人一票。它不要求财富或社会条件的平等。

Substantive equality: Goes beyond formal rights to focus on equality of outcome or genuine equality of opportunity, often requiring state intervention to reduce disadvantage.

实质平等：超越形式权利，关注结果平等或真实的机会平等，常需要国家干预以减少弱势。

Justice: The concept of fairness; giving each person what they are due. Theories of justice address how benefits and burdens should be distributed in society.

正义：公平的理念；给予每个人应得之物。正义理论探讨社会中利益与负担应如何分配。

Rawls’s theory of justice: John Rawls argued that justice is fairness, established through a ‘veil of ignorance’. His difference principle permits inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged.

罗尔斯的正义理论：约翰·罗尔斯认为正义即公平，通过”无知之幕”确立。他的差异原则仅允许对最不利者有益的差异。

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6. Ideologies: Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism | 意识形态：自由主义、保守主义、社会主义

Ideology: A coherent set of ideas and values that provides a blueprint for how society should be organised and how political change should occur. Ideologies shape party policy and political debate.

意识形态：一套连贯的观念和价值观，为社会应如何组织以及政治变革应如何发生提供蓝图。意识形态塑造政党的政策与政治辩论。

Liberalism: Centred on individual freedom, reason, tolerance, and limited government. Classical liberalism emphasises negative liberty and free markets, while modern liberalism supports state welfare to enable positive liberty.

自由主义：以个人自由、理性、宽容和有限政府为核心。古典自由主义强调消极自由与自由市场，而现代自由主义支持国家福利以促成积极自由。

Conservatism: Values tradition, order, authority, and organic society. It is sceptical of abstract theories and rapid change. One-nation conservatism stresses paternalism, while the New Right combines neoliberal economics with social authoritarianism.

保守主义：重视传统、秩序、权威和有机社会。它对抽象理论和剧变持怀疑态度。一国保守主义强调家长式关怀，而新右派将新自由主义经济学与社会威权主义相结合。

Socialism: Prioritises collective ownership, equality, and social justice. Marxism calls for revolution and a classless society; social democracy seeks to reform capitalism through the state to deliver welfare and redistribution.

社会主义：优先考虑集体所有制、平等和社会正义。马克思主义主张革命和无阶级社会；社会民主主义寻求通过国家改革资本主义，以实现福利和再分配。

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7. Other Ideologies: Nationalism, Feminism, Ecologism | 其他意识形态：民族主义、女权主义、生态主义

Nationalism: The belief that the nation should be the central unit of political loyalty and that national self-determination is a fundamental right. Civic nationalism ties membership to shared political values, while ethnic nationalism links it to common ancestry.

民族主义：认为民族应是政治忠诚的核心单位，民族自决是基本权利。公民民族主义将成员身份与共享的政治价值挂钩，族裔民族主义则与共同血统挂钩。

Feminism: A movement advocating for women’s rights and gender equality. Liberal feminism seeks legal reform, radical feminism aims to overthrow the patriarchal system, and socialist feminism links women’s subordination to capitalism.

女权主义：倡导妇女权利与性别平等的运动。自由女权主义寻求法律改革，激进女权主义旨在推翻父权制，社会主义女权主义则将妇女从属地位与资本主义联系起来。

Ecologism: An ideology that places ecological balance and sustainability at the centre of political thinking. Deep ecology demands a radical shift in human-nature relations, while shallow ecology supports environmental reforms within existing structures.

生态主义：将生态平衡和可持续性置于政治思维中心的意识形态。深层生态学要求彻底改变人与自然的关系，浅层生态学则在现有结构内支持环境改革。

Anarchism: Rejects the state and all forms of compulsory government, advocating a society based on voluntary cooperation and free association. Variants include collectivist anarchism and individualist anarchism.

无政府主义：反对国家及一切强制政府形式，倡导基于自愿合作和自由联合的社会。其分支包括集体无政府主义和个人无政府主义。

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8. Constitutions and the Rule of Law | 宪法与法治

Constitution: The body of fundamental principles and established precedents according to which a state is governed. It allocates power, defines the relationship between institutions, and guarantees citizens’ rights.

宪法：国家据以治理的根本原则与既定先例的总和。它分配权力，界定机构间关系，保障公民权利。

Codified constitution: A single written document that sets out the constitution, such as the US Constitution. It is typically entrenched and requires a special procedure for amendment.

成文宪法：以单一书面文件形式规定宪法的体系，如美国宪法。它通常有刚性，

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