Pre-U CAIE Chemistry: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas & Theorems | Pre-U CAIE 化学：公式定理速查手册

📚 Pre-U CAIE Chemistry: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas & Theorems | Pre-U CAIE 化学：公式定理速查手册

This handbook compiles the essential formulas, equations and relationships required for the Cambridge Pre-U Chemistry syllabus. It serves as a rapid revision tool for key quantitative and conceptual topics, aiding students in mastering calculations and reinforcing theoretical understanding.

本手册汇编了剑桥 Pre-U 化学大纲所需的必备公式、方程式和关系式，旨在为关键定量和概念性主题提供快速复习工具，帮助学生掌握计算并加深理论理解。

1. Stoichiometry and the Mole Concept | 化学计量与摩尔概念

n = m / M

The amount of substance n (mol) is calculated as mass m (g) divided by molar mass M (g mol⁻¹). This is the fundamental link between measured mass and the number of particles.

物质的量 n (mol) 等于质量 m (g) 除以摩尔质量 M (g mol⁻¹)，这是连接可测质量与粒子数量的基本关系。

N = n × N_A

The total number of particles N is obtained by multiplying the amount of substance n by the Avogadro constant N_A = 6.022 × 10²³ mol⁻¹.

粒子总数 N 等于物质的量 n 乘以阿伏伽德罗常数 N_A = 6.022 × 10²³ mol⁻¹。

c = n / V

Molar concentration c (mol dm⁻³) is given by the amount of solute n divided by the volume of solution V (dm³). For dilution problems, use c₁V₁ = c₂V₂.

物质的量浓度 c (mol dm⁻³) 等于溶质的物质的量 n 除以溶液体积 V (dm³)。稀释计算采用 c₁V₁ = c₂V₂。

pV = nRT

The ideal gas equation relates pressure p (Pa), volume V (m³), amount n, gas constant R (8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹) and temperature T (K). It can be used to find the molar mass of a gas: M = mRT / pV.

理想气体状态方程关联了压强 p (Pa)、体积 V (m³)、物质的量 n、气体常数 R (8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹) 和温度 T (K)，可用于求气体摩尔质量：M = mRT / pV。

% Yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%

Percentage yield measures the efficiency of a reaction. Atom economy = (molar mass of desired product / sum of molar masses of all reactants) × 100% evaluates green credentials.

百分比产率衡量反应效率。原子经济性 = (目标产物摩尔质量 / 所有反应物摩尔质量总和) × 100%，用于评估绿色化学特征。

2. Gas Laws and Kinetic Theory | 气体定律与分子运动论

p₁V₁/T₁ = p₂V₂/T₂

The combined gas law holds for a fixed mass of gas. At constant temperature, p₁V₁ = p₂V₂ (Boyle’s law); at constant pressure, V₁/T

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