Pre-U CAIE Philosophy: Essential Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | Pre-U CAIE 哲学：必背术语速记指南

📚 Pre-U CAIE Philosophy: Essential Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | Pre-U CAIE 哲学：必背术语速记指南

Pre-U CAIE Philosophy demands a rich conceptual vocabulary. Accurate term recall can transform a good essay into an excellent one. This guide organises key terminology by topic, offering Latin roots, paired contrasts, and lively memory anchors to help you learn faster and retain longer.

Pre-U CAIE 哲学要求学生掌握丰富的概念词汇。准确回忆术语能把一篇好论文变成优秀论文。本指南按主题整理关键术语，提供拉丁词根、对比组合和生动的记忆锚点，帮助你学得更快、记得更久。

1. Epistemology: Knowledge & Justification | 认识论：知识与确证

‘A priori’ knowledge is independent of experience (e.g., 2+2=4); ‘a posteriori’ relies on experience (e.g., ‘The sky is blue’). Latin roots: ‘a-‘ (from) + ‘priori’ (before) versus ‘posteriori’ (after). Think: prior to any observation.

“先验”知识独立于经验（如2+2=4）；“后验”知识依赖于经验（如“天空是蓝色的”）。拉丁词根：“a-”（来自）+“priori”（在先）对比“posteriori”（在后）。联想：先于任何观察。

Necessary truths hold in every possible world (e.g., triangles have three sides); contingent truths could have been otherwise (e.g., ‘I am a student’). Latin ‘necesse’ means ‘unavoidable’ – a truth that cannot fail to be.

必然真理在所有可能世界中都为真（如三角形有三条边）；偶然真理本可不同（如“我是学生”）。拉丁语“necesse”意为“不可避免”——一种不容有失的真理。

Foundationalism imagines knowledge as a building: some basic, self-justifying beliefs form the foundation. Coherentism rejects foundations, insisting beliefs support one another like a spider’s web. Picture a brick base versus floating threads.

基础主义将知识想象成大楼：一些基本、自我确证的信念构成地基。融贯论拒绝地基，主张信念像蜘蛛网一样彼此支持。想象砖块底座与悬浮的蛛丝。

The traditional definition of knowledge is justified true belief (JTB). Gettier cases reveal a gap: someone can hold a justified true belief by luck (e.g., a stopped clock that happens to show the right time). Remember: JTB is not enough – no luck allowed.

知识传统定义是确证的真信念（JTB）。盖梯尔反例揭示出漏洞：某人可能凭运气拥有确证的真信念（例如恰好显示正确时间的停摆时钟）。记住：JTB不够——不能有运气成分。

2. Rationalism vs. Empiricism | 理性主义与经验主义

Rationalism elevates reason as the main source of knowledge, often positing innate ideas – concepts we are born with. Empiricism counters that all knowledge stems from sensory experience, leaving the mind a blank slate at birth. Contrast a pre-inscribed tablet with an empty one.

理性主义推崇理性为知识的主要来源，常设定天赋观念——与生俱来的概念。经验主义则主张所有知识来自感官经验，出生时心灵是一块白板。对比一块预先刻字的石板与一块空白石板。

Innate ideas are inborn thoughts, such as Descartes’ idea of God as a ‘trademark’ on the soul. ‘Innate’ comes from Latin ‘

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