Pre-U CAIE Sports Science: Key Experimental & Practical Assessment Points | Pre-U CAIE 体育科学：实验与实践考核要点

📚 Pre-U CAIE Sports Science: Key Experimental & Practical Assessment Points | Pre-U CAIE 体育科学：实验与实践考核要点

Experimental and practical assessments form the backbone of the Cambridge Pre-U Sports Science qualification (9774). Whether you are designing a laboratory investigation, collecting field-based data, or demonstrating physical skills under observation, a clear understanding of assessment expectations is essential to achieving high marks. This article breaks down the core components, offering strategies for experimental rigour, reliable data handling, and effective practical performance evaluation.

实验与实践评估是剑桥 Pre-U 体育科学资格认证（9774）的核心。无论是设计实验室研究、收集实地数据，还是在观察下展示运动技能，清晰理解考核要求都是获得高分的关键。本文拆解核心组成部分，提供关于实验严谨性、可靠数据处理及有效实践表现评估的策略。

1. Understanding the Assessment Structure | 了解评估结构

The Pre-U Sports Science course features two internally assessed components that demand practical and experimental skill. Component 02: Practical Performance requires candidates to perform in two activities, plus produce a performance analysis of one activity. Component 03: Independent Research Investigation demands an experimental study on a topic of the candidate’s choice. Both are marked by your centre and moderated externally by Cambridge. Familiarity with the marking grids and assessment objectives is the first step to success.

Pre-U 体育科学课程包含两项内部评估部分，要求展示实践与实验技能。第二部分：实践表现要求考生在两项活动中进行展示，并对其中一项进行分析。第三部分：独立研究调查要求考生自选课题进行实验研究。两者均由所在中心评分，剑桥进行外部审核。熟悉评分标准和评估目标是迈向成功的第一步。

2. Formulating a Testable Hypothesis | 构建可验证的假设

For the Independent Research Investigation, you must generate a focused, testable hypothesis that links two variables. For example, ‘Caffeine supplementation will significantly improve 30-metre sprint time compared to a placebo.’ The hypothesis should be operationalised, meaning the variables are clearly defined and measurable. Avoid vague statements; precise terminology like ‘VO₂ max’ or ‘reaction time’ must be accompanied by units and measurement tools.

在独立研究调查中，你必须提出一个聚焦的、可验证的假设，连接两个变量。例如，“与安慰剂相比，咖啡因补充将显著提高30米冲刺成绩”。假设应具有可操作性，即变量被清晰定义并可测量。避免模糊陈述；精确术语如“VO₂ max”或“反应时”必须附带单位和测量工具。

3. Designing a Rigorous Experiment | 设计严谨的实验

Your design must control extraneous variables to establish causality. Use a repeated measures, independent groups, or matched pairs design appropriately. Standardise warm-up protocols, equipment settings, and environmental conditions. Clearly state the independent variable, dependent variable, and at least three controlled variables. A pilot study can help refine methods and minimise systematic error.

实验设计必须控制无关变量以建立因果关系。恰当使用重复测量、独立组或匹配对设计。标准化热身流程、设备设置及环境条件。清晰陈述自变量、因变量和至少三个控制变量。预实验有助于改进方法、减少系统误差。

4. Selecting Valid and Reliable Instruments | 选择有效且可靠的工具

Instruments such as heart rate monitors, force plates, video analysis software, or jumping mats must be calibrated and validated for the specific task. For instance, a fingertip pulse oximeter is not valid for monitoring heart rate during high-intensity cycling due to motion artefact. Report the make, model, and precision of each instrument, and discuss face validity, criterion validity, and test-retest reliability where possible.

心率监测器、测力台、视频分析软件或跳跃垫等仪器必须针对具体任务进行校准和验证。例如，指尖脉搏血氧仪因运动伪影不适用于高强度骑行时的心率监测。报告每台仪器的品牌、型号和精度，并尽可能讨论表面效度、标准效度及重测信度。

5. Ethical and Safety Considerations | 伦理与安全考量

All investigations involving human participants require informed consent, anonymity, and the right to withdraw. When working with under-18s, parental or guardian consent is mandatory. Risk assessments must be completed, covering equipment hazards, environment safety, and emergency procedures. The Pre-U syllabus explicitly rewards candidates who demonstrate awareness of ethical protocols and health and safety management.

所有涉及人类受试者的研究均需知情同意、匿名权及退出权。与未满十八岁者合作时，必须获得父母或监护人同意。必须完成风险评估，涵盖设备危险、环境安全及应急程序。Pre-U 大纲明确奖励展现伦理协议意识和健康安全管理意识的考生。

6. Data Collection Techniques | 数据收集技巧

Use systematic methods such as spreadsheets, pre-printed observation sheets, or digital data loggers. For qualitative analysis, structured interviews or thematic coding can be employed, but quantitative data remains the primary focus in most investigations. Record raw data with the correct number of significant figures and include units. Multiple trials (minimum three) should be conducted and averaged to enhance reliability.

采用系统化方法，如电子表格、预印观察表或数字数据记录仪。定性分析可采用结构化访谈或主题编码，但大多数研究仍以定量数据为主。记录原始数据应使用正确的有效数字并包含单位。至少进行三次试验并取平均值以提高信度。

7. Statistical Analysis and Interpretation | 统计分析及解读

Select an appropriate statistical test such as the paired t-test, independent t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, or Spearman’s rank correlation. Check assumptions: normality, level of measurement, and sample size. Report the test statistic, degrees of freedom, and p-value precisely. Accept or reject the null hypothesis at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Avoid overclaiming; correlation does not imply causation, and acknowledge the possibility of Type I or Type II errors.

选择合适的统计检验，如配对t检验、独立t检验、Wilcoxon符号秩检验或Spearman等级相关。检查假设条件：正态性、测量水平与样本量。精确报告检验统计量、自由度和p值。在显著性水平p≤0.05下接受或拒绝零假设。避免过度推论；相关不等于因果，承认发生第一类或第二类错误的可能性。

8. Practical Performance Assessment Criteria | 实践表现评估标准

In Component 02, you are assessed on the quality of skills, consistency, and tactical awareness during full-sized competitive situations. Each activity is scored using Cambridge’s performance descriptors, which range from ‘limited’ to ‘excellent’ across core skills, advanced skills, and competitive performance. Video evidence is essential; ensure recordings are continuous, clearly show your participation, and are accompanied by a map or court diagram.

在第二部分中，评估基于竞技实战场景下的技能质量、稳定性和战术意识。每项活动使用剑桥的表现描述词评分，范围从“有限”到“优秀”，涵盖核心技能、高级技能和比赛表现。视频证据至关重要；确保录制连续、清晰显示本人参与，并附有场地示意图或战术板。

9. Observational Analysis of Performance | 表现观察分析

For the performance analysis task, you must identify a weakness in your own performance and design an observational framework. Use systems like interval recording, tally charts, or position mapping. Produce a detailed action plan based on the findings, specifying corrective drills and measurable goals. Digital tools like Dartfish or Coach’s Eye can enhance the quality of analysis, but hand-notation is acceptable if meticulous.

对于表现分析任务，你必须识别自身表现中的弱点并设计观察框架。采用间隔记录、频率计数表或位置映射等系统。根据发现制定详细行动计划，明确纠正训练和可测量目标。Dartfish或Coach’s Eye等数字化工具可提升分析质量，但若足够细致，手工标记同样可以接受。

10. Laboratory-Based Fitness Testing | 实验室健康测试

Common tests include the Wingate anaerobic test, maximal oxygen uptake using Douglas bags or gas analysers, and skinfold calliper measurements for body composition. Standardise test order to prevent fatigue interference, and adhere to protocols from institutions such as BASES or ACSM. Present results in tables with normative data comparisons, using percentile ranks or performance categories like ‘excellent’ or ‘needs improvement’.

常见测试包括Wingate无氧功率测试、使用Douglas袋或气体分析仪的最大摄氧量测试以及皮褶卡尺身体成分测量。标准化测试顺序以避免疲劳干扰，并遵循BASES或ACSM等机构的规程。将结果以表格形式呈现，并与常模数据比较，使用百分位等级或“优秀”、“需改进”等表现类别。

11. Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them | 常见误区及规避方法

A frequent mistake is confusing reliability with validity; a measurement can be reliable without being valid. Another is insufficient sample size, which leads to type II errors and insignificant results. Candidates also forget to reference existing literature, weakening the academic context. Mitigate these by piloting your procedure, consulting subject teachers, and using a checklist aligned with the marking criteria.

常见错误是把信度与效度混淆；一项测量可能可靠但无效。另一种是样本量不足，导致第二类错误和不显著结果。考生常忘记引用已有文献，削弱了学术背景。通过预实验、咨询学科教师及使用对标评分标准的核查表可以规避这些问题。

12. Writing Up and Referencing | 撰写报告及参考文献

The independent research report should follow a scientific structure: abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. Use the Harvard referencing system consistently. Discuss limitations honestly and suggest realistic modifications. In the practical performance section, annotate video evidence with timestamps and provide a reflective commentary linking action to outcome.

独立研究报告应遵循科学结构：摘要、引言、方法、结果、讨论、结论与参考文献。统一使用哈佛文献引用系统。诚实讨论局限性，并提出切实可行的改进建议。在实践表现部分，为视频证据添加时间戳标注，并提供联系动作与结果的反思维评注。

---

Published by TutorHao | Cambridge Pre-U Sports Science Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）