📚 Pre-U Cambridge German: Grammar Formula Quick Reference | Pre-U Cambridge 德语:公式定理速查手册
This revision aid casts fundamental German grammar rules as concise ‘formulas’, enabling efficient memorisation and diagnostic recall for the Pre-U Cambridge German examination. Each section presents a core structural pattern as a symbolic rule, followed by explanatory tables and examples.
本复习手册将德语基础语法规则化为精炼的“公式”,助力高效记忆与诊断式回忆,适用于 Pre-U 剑桥德语考试。每个小节以一个符号化规则呈现核心结构模式,辅以解释性表格和例句。
1. Verb Conjugation in Present Tense | 现在时动词变位
Weak (regular) verbs form the present tense by attaching a fixed set of endings to the unchanged stem.
弱变化(规则)动词通过在不变词干上附加一套固定词尾来构成现在时。
The personal endings are: ich -e, du -st, er/sie/es -t, wir -en, ihr -t, sie/Sie -en.
人称词尾为:ich -e, du -st, er/sie/es -t, wir -en, ihr -t, sie/Sie -en。
If the stem ends in -t, -d, or a consonant cluster such as -chn, -ffn or -gn, an extra -e- is inserted before -st and -t.
如果词干以 -t、-d 结尾,或为 -chn、-ffn、-gn 等辅音簇,则必须在 -st 和 -t 前插入额外的 -e-。
Strong verbs often show a stem-vowel change in the second and third person singular (e.g. e → i, a → ä, au → äu).
强变化动词常在单数第二、第三人称发生词干元音变化(如 e → i, a → ä, au → äu)。
V_present = stem (possibly mutated) + [-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en]
Example paradigm for machen, arbeiten and lesen:
machen、arbeiten 和 lesen 的变位范例:
| Pronoun | Ending | machen | arbeiten | lesen (e → ie) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ich | -e | mache | arbeite | lese |
| du | -st | machst | arbeitest | liest |
| er/sie/es | -t | macht | arbeitet | liest |
| wir | -en | machen | arbeiten | lesen |
| ihr | -t | macht | arbeitet | lest |
| sie/Sie | -en | machen | arbeiten | lesen |
Highly irregular verbs like sein and haben must be learnt as exceptions.
像 sein 和 haben 这类高度不规则的动词须作为例外单独记忆。
2. Noun Gender and Case Endings | 名词的性与格词尾
Every German noun carries a fixed grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and changes its article and sometimes its ending according to case.
每个德语名词都有固定的语法性(阳性、阴性、中性),其冠词(有时包括词尾)随格发生变化。
The definite article (the) follows a declension pattern that can be summarised as:
定冠词的变格模式可总结为:
Artikel_decl = f(gender, case)
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | der | die | das | die |
| Accusative | den | die | das | die |
| Dative | dem | der | dem | den + noun + -n |
| Genitive | des + -(e)s | der | des + -(e)s | der |
The indefinite article (ein, kein, mein, etc.) follows the same endings but drops them in the nominative masculine/neuter and accusative neuter.
不定冠词(ein, kein, mein 等)遵循相同的词尾,但在阳性/中性第一格和中性第四格中省略词尾。
Plural nouns in the dative add -n unless the plural already ends in -n or -s.
复数名词在第三格时必须加上 -n,除非复数本身已以 -n 或 -s 结尾。
3. Adjective Declension | 形容词变格
Attributive adjective endings depend on the preceding determiner (der-word, ein-word, or no article) and reflect the noun’s gender, case and number.
定语形容词的词尾取决于前面的限定词(der-词、ein-词 或无冠词),并反映名词的性、数、格。
There are three declension tables, often learnt as formulas driven by the determiner type:
有三套变格表,常作为由限定词类型驱动的公式学习:
Adj_end = f(determiner_type, gender, case)
With a definite article (der/die/das), the adjective simply takes -e or -en.
前有定冠词(der/die/das)时,形容词只需加 -e 或 -en。
With an indefinite article/possessive (ein/mein), the adjective signals the missing der-word signal by adopting strong endings in some positions.
前有不定冠词或物主代词时,形容词在某些位置采用强变化词尾,以弥补 der-词缺失的信号。
When no article is present, the adjective fully carries the strong endings.
当没有冠词时,形容词完全负载强变化词尾。
| Definite Article | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -e | -e | -e | -en |
| Accusative | -en | -e | -e | -en |
| Dative | -en | -en | -en | -en |
| Genitive | -en | -en | -en | -en |
For the indefinite article table, masculine nominative adds -er, neuter nominative/accusative adds -es, etc.
在不定冠词表中,阳性第一格加 -er,中性第一/第四格加 -es,等等。
The no-article table mirrors the strong endings of the definite article itself.
无冠词表则与定冠词的强变化词尾本身一致。
4. Dative and Accusative Object Order | 与格和宾格宾语顺序
When a sentence contains both a dative and an accusative object as nouns, the dative normally precedes the accusative.
当句中同时出现与格和宾格宾语(均为名词)时,与格通常在前,宾格在后。
If both objects are personal pronouns, the accusative pronoun comes first.
如果两个宾语都是人称代词,则宾格代词在前。
Nomen: [Dative_N] + [Accusative_N]
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