Pre-U CCEA Economics: Core Knowledge Essentials | Pre-U CCEA 经济：核心知识点梳理

📚 Pre-U CCEA Economics: Core Knowledge Essentials | Pre-U CCEA 经济：核心知识点梳理

Welcome to this comprehensive revision guide covering the core knowledge areas of the CCEA Pre-U Economics syllabus. This article summarises essential microeconomic and macroeconomic concepts, providing clear explanations to support your exam preparation.

欢迎阅读这份全面的复习指南，涵盖 CCEA Pre-U 经济学大纲的核心知识领域。本文总结了基本的微观与宏观经济概念，并提供了清晰的解释，以帮助你的备考。

1. The Economic Problem and Scarcity | 经济问题与稀缺性

Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem that arises because resources are limited while human wants are unlimited. It forces individuals, firms and governments to make choices.

稀缺性是由于资源有限而人类欲望无穷所产生的基本经济问题。它迫使个人、企业和政府做出选择。

Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. It is a central concept in economics because every decision involves a trade-off.

机会成本是指在做出选择时所放弃的次优选择的价值。它是经济学的核心概念，因为每个决定都涉及权衡。

The production possibility frontier (PPF) illustrates the maximum possible output combinations of two goods that an economy can achieve when all resources are fully and efficiently employed. Points inside the curve indicate inefficient use of resources, while points outside are unattainable given current resources.

生产可能性边界（PPF）展示了当一个经济体充分利用并有效配置所有资源时，所能实现的两种商品最大产出组合。曲线内部的点表示资源使用无效率，而外部的点在现有资源下无法达到。

Economic growth can be shown by an outward shift of the PPF, resulting from increases in factor resources or improvements in technology.

经济增长可以通过 PPF 向外移动来表示，这种移动源自生产要素的增加或技术的改进。

2. Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium | 需求、供给与市场均衡

The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded falls, and vice versa. This inverse relationship is represented by a downward-sloping demand curve.

需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，一种商品的价格上升，需求量会下降，反之亦然。这种反向关系由向下倾斜的需求曲线表示。

Factors that shift the demand curve include changes in income (normal and inferior goods), prices of related goods (substitutes and complements), tastes and preferences, population size, and expectations of future prices.

导致需求曲线移动的因素包括收入变化（正常品与低档品）、相关商品价格变化（替代品和互补品）、品味与偏好、人口规模以及对未来价格的预期。

The law of supply states that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied rises, resulting in an upward-sloping supply curve.

供给定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格上升会导致供给量增加，因此供给曲线向上倾斜。

Supply shifts occur due to changes in costs of production, technology, indirect taxes and subsidies, number of producers, and external shocks such as weather conditions for agricultural products.

供给曲线的移动源于生产成本变化、技术进步、间接税和补贴、生产者数量变动，以及如农产品天气条件等外部冲击。

Market equilibrium is achieved where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. At the equilibrium price, there is no shortage or surplus. Any disequilibrium triggers price adjustments that move the market back to equilibrium.

市场均衡在需求量等于供给量时达到。

Published by TutorHao | Pre-U Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）