📚 Pre-U CIE Sociology: Core Knowledge Points Overview | Pre-U CIE 社会学：核心知识点梳理
This article provides a comprehensive yet concise overview of the core knowledge points required for the Cambridge Pre-U Sociology syllabus. It is designed to help students consolidate their understanding of key concepts, theories, and contemporary issues across all major topic areas. The content is aligned with the CIE Pre-U assessment objectives, emphasising both breadth of knowledge and depth of critical analysis. Each section begins with a clear English explanation, followed immediately by its Chinese counterpart, ensuring accessibility for bilingual learners.
本文为剑桥 Pre-U 社会学课程提供全面而精炼的核心知识点梳理，旨在帮助学生巩固对各主要主题领域关键概念、理论及当代议题的理解。内容紧贴 CIE Pre-U 评估目标，既强调知识广度也重视批判性分析的深度。每个要点均先提供清晰的英文阐释，随后紧接中文对照，以便双语学习者阅读掌握。
1. Introduction to Sociology as a Discipline | 社会学学科导论
Sociology is the systematic study of human society, social relationships, and institutions. It challenges taken-for-granted assumptions about the social world by examining how individual behaviour is shaped by broader social forces such as class, gender, ethnicity, and culture. The discipline is characterised by a critical, evidence-based approach that seeks to uncover patterns of social life and understand processes of social change. Core questions include: How is social order possible? What causes social inequality? How does society shape individual identity?
社会学是对人类社会、社会关系和社会制度的系统性研究。它通过探究阶级、性别、种族和文化等更广泛的社会力量如何塑造个体行为，挑战人们习以为常的假设。该学科以批判性、循证的方法为特征，致力于揭示社会生活的模式并理解社会变迁的过程。核心问题包括：社会秩序如何可能？社会不平等的根源是什么？社会如何塑造个体身份认同？
The sociological imagination, a term coined by C. Wright Mills, enables us to connect personal troubles with public issues – seeing, for instance, unemployment not merely as an individual failing but as a symptom of structural economic forces. This dual focus on agency (individual action) and structure (social constraints) runs throughout the Pre-U curriculum and provides the analytical lens through which all substantive topics are explored.
社会学的想象力（C. Wright Mills 提出的概念）使我们能够将个人困扰与公共议题联系起来——例如，将失业不仅视为个人失败，更视为结构性经济力量的表征。这种对能动性（个体行动）与结构（社会制约）的双重关注贯穿 Pre-U 课程始终，为所有实质性主题的探索提供了分析视角。
2. Key Sociological Theories: Functionalism, Marxism and Interactionism | 社会学三大理论：功能主义、马克思主义与互动论
Functionalism views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Drawing on the organic analogy, functionalists such as Émile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons argue that social institutions – family, education, religion – perform essential functions that maintain social equilibrium. For instance, education transmits shared norms and values (value consensus) and allocates individuals to appropriate roles. However, functionalism is criticised for overlooking power struggles and over-emphasising consensus.
功能主义将社会视为各部分协同作用以促进凝聚力和稳定性的复杂系统。以涂尔干和帕森斯为代表的功能主义者运用有机体类比，主张家庭、教育、宗教等社会制度履行维持社会均衡的必要功能。例如，教育传递共享的规范与价值观（价值共识），并将个体分配到合适的角色中。然而，功能主义因忽视权力斗争和过分强调共识而受到批评。
Marxism, rooted in the ideas of Karl Marx, offers a conflict perspective centred on the ownership of the means of production. Society is fundamentally divided into the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and the proletariat (working class), with the economic base shaping the superstructure of institutions, ideas and culture. Marxists argue that institutions such as the family and education serve to reproduce class inequality by legitimising the status quo and indoctrinating dominant ideology. Neo-Marxists like Althusser and Gramsci developed concepts of ideological state apparatuses and hegemony to explain cultural control more subtly.
马克思主义植根于马克思的思想，提供了一种以生产资料所有权为核心的冲突视角。社会根本性地分为资产阶级（统治阶级）和无产阶级（工人阶级），经济基础塑造上层建筑的制度、思想和文化。马克思主义者认为，家庭和教育等制度通过将现状合法化并灌输主流意识形态，使阶级不平等得以再生产。阿尔都塞和葛兰西等新马克思主义者提出意识形态国家机器和文化领导权概念，更精细地解释了文化控制。
Interactionism, in contrast, focuses on micro-level, face-to-face interactions and the meanings individuals attach to social life. Drawing on the work of George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer, symbolic interactionism emphasises that social reality is constructed through everyday communication and the use of symbols. Labelling theory, a key interactionist application, explores how deviant identities are created through the reactions of others rather than through the act itself. While rich in insight about everyday life, interactionism is often criticised for neglecting wider structures of power.
互动论则聚焦于微观层面的面对面互动以及个体赋予社会生活的意义。基于乔治·赫伯特·米德和赫伯特·布鲁默的研究，符号互动论强调社会现实通过日常沟通和符号的使用得以建构。标签理论作为互动论的重要应用，探讨越轨身份如何通过他人的反应而非行为本身被创造出来。互动论在对日常生活的洞见方面极为丰富，但常被批评忽略了更广泛的权力结构。
3. Sociological Research Methods | 社会学研究方法
Sociologists employ a range of research methods, broadly categorised as quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative methods, such as surveys, structured interviews and official statistics, produce numerical data amenable to statistical analysis. They are valued for their reliability, generalisability and ability to identify correlations. However, they may lack validity as they fail to capture the subjective meanings behind social actions.
社会学家采用多种研究方法，大致可分为定量研究方法与定性研究方法。定量方法，如问卷调查、结构式访谈和官方统计数据，能产生适合统计分析的数字资料。它们因其可靠性、可推广性和识别相关性的能力而受到重视，但可能因无法捕捉社会行为背后的主观意义而缺乏效度。
Qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, participant observation and document analysis, seek to understand social phenomena from the perspective of the participants. These methods generate rich, detailed data and prioritise validity over reliability. Ethnography, for example, allows researchers to immerse themselves in a community and grasp the nuanced meanings of its culture. The downside is that findings may not be generalisable, and researcher subjectivity can influence data interpretation.
定性方法，包括深度访谈、参与式观察和文献分析，旨在从参与者的视角理解社会现象。这类方法产生丰富详细的数据，且优先考虑效度而非信度。例如，民族志研究使研究者能够融入一个社群，领会其文化的微妙含义。缺点在于研究发现可能难以推广，且研究者的主观性可能影响数据解读。
The Pre-U syllabus also emphasises methodological pluralism (triangulation) and ethical considerations, including informed consent, confidentiality, protection from harm, and the responsibilities of the sociologist when studying vulnerable groups. Debates about objectivity and value-freedom remain central: positivists advocate a scientific, detached approach, while interpretivists insist that all knowledge is value-laden and context-dependent.
Pre-U 课程大纲同样强调方法多元主义（三角交叉验证法）和伦理考量，包括知情同意、保密、免受伤害，以及社会学家在研究弱势群体时的责任。关于客观性与价值中立的争论仍处于核心位置：实证主义者主张科学的、超然的方法，而阐释主义者则坚持所有知识都是价值负载且情境依赖的。
4. Socialisation, Culture and Identity | 社会化、文化与身份认同
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, customs and roles of their society. Primary socialisation occurs within the family during early childhood and is crucial for the formation of basic language, emotional patterns and core identity. Secondary socialisation takes place through agencies such as schools, peer groups, media and the workplace, enabling individuals to adapt to different social contexts and roles throughout life.
社会化是个体终身学习其社会规范、价值观、习俗和角色的过程。初级社会化在童年早期于家庭内发生，对基础语言、情感模式及核心身份认同的形成至关重要。次级社会化通过学校、同辈群体、媒体和工作场所等机构进行，使个体能够在整个生命历程中适应不同的社会情境和角色。
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a particular group or society, encompassing language, beliefs, values, norms, customs, dress, rituals and material artefacts. Sociologists distinguish between high culture, popular culture, subcultures and countercultures. The concept of cultural diversity draws attention to the coexistence of multiple cultural traditions within a single society, while concepts such as ethnocentrism and cultural relativism inform debates about cross-cultural understanding.
文化指特定群体或社会的整体生活方式，包括语言、信仰、价值、规范、习俗、服饰、仪式和物质物件。社会学家区分高雅文化、大众文化、亚文化和反文化。文化多样性概念提醒人们注意单一社会中多种文化传统的共存，而民族中心主义和文化相对主义等概念则为跨文化理解的辩论提供了理论基础。
Identity is a multifaceted and dynamic sense of self, shaped by the interaction of personal characteristics and social categories such as class, gender, ethnicity, sexuality and nationality. Sociologists distinguish between personal identity (unique sense of self) and social identity (the part of the self derived from group membership). Postmodern approaches stress the fluid, fragmented and hybrid nature of identity in contemporary societies, challenging earlier essentialist views.
身份认同是一种多层面且动态的自我意识，由个人特征与阶级、性别、种族、性征和国籍等社会范畴的互动塑造而成。社会学家区分个人身份（独特的自我意识）与社会身份（源于群体归属的自我部分）。后现代取向强调当代社会中身份认同的流动性、碎片化与混杂性，挑战了早先的本质主义观点。
5. Social Inequality: Class, Gender and Ethnicity | 社会不平等：阶级、性别与种族
Social inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities and privileges among members of a society. The Pre-U syllabus examines three primary axes of stratification: class, gender and ethnicity, along with their intersections. Sociologists seek to explain not only the patterns of inequality but also how these inequalities are sustained and legitimised over time.
社会不平等指社会成员之间在资源、机会和特权方面的不均衡分配。Pre-U 教学大纲考查三个主要分层轴线：阶级、性别和种族，及其交叉性。社会学家不仅要解释不平等的模式，还要阐明这些不平等如何被持续和合法化。
Class stratification traditionally refers to economic divisions rooted in occupation, income and wealth. Classic theories include Marx’s polarised class model based on ownership of the means of production and Weber’s multidimensional approach incorporating status and party alongside class. Contemporary analyses point to the emergence of a fragmented class structure, with debates about the growth of a ‘precariat’ and the decline of traditional working-class identity. Sociologists also measure class through occupational scales and explore the relationship between class and social mobility.
阶级分层传统上指植根于职业、收入和财富的经济分化。经典理论包括马克思基于生产资料所有制的两极阶级模型，以及韦伯将身份与政党同阶级并列的多维分析方法。当代分析指出碎片化阶级结构的出现，并围绕“不稳定无产阶级”的增长与传统工人阶级身份的衰落展开辩论。社会学家还通过职业量表测量阶级，并探究阶级与社会流动之间的关系。
Gender inequality encompasses differences in power, status, rights and life chances between men and women. Feminist sociology has been pivotal in exposing the patriarchal structures that underpin these disparities. Liberal feminists focus on legal and policy reforms, Marxist feminists link women’s oppression to capitalism, radical feminists highlight the role of patriarchy itself, and intersectional feminists examine how gender interacts with race and class. Key areas of study include the gendered division of labour, the gender pay gap, domestic violence, and the social construction of masculinity and femininity.
性别不平等包含男女之间在权力、地位、权利和生活机会方面的差异。女性主义社会学在揭露支撑这些差异的父权结构方面发挥了关键作用。自由女性主义者关注法律与政策改革，马克思主义女性主义者将女性压迫与资本主义联系起来，激进女性主义者强调父权制本身的作用，而交叉性女性主义者则考察性别如何与种族和阶级交互作用。关键研究领域包括性别分工、性别薪酬差距、家庭暴力，以及男性气质与女性气质的社会建构。
Ethnic inequality refers to systemic disparities experienced by groups defined by shared cultural, linguistic or ancestral characteristics. The sociology of race and ethnicity distinguishes between race (a socially constructed category based on perceived physical differences) and ethnicity (cultural distinctiveness). Explanations for ethnic disadvantage include structural racism embedded in institutions, cultural deficit theories (often criticised for victim-blaming) and the legacy of colonialism. Patterns of prejudice, discrimination and institutional racism are examined in areas such as education, employment and criminal justice.
种族不平等指以共同的文化、语言或祖先特征界定的群体所经历的系统性差距。种族与族群社会学区分种族（一种基于被认知的生理差异的社会建构范畴）与族群（文化独特性）。对种族劣势的解释包括深植于制度中的结构性种族主义、文化缺失理论（常被批评为指责受害者）以及殖民主义遗产。在教育、就业和刑事司法等领域，人们探究偏见、歧视和制度性种族主义的模式。
6. Family and Household | 家庭与住户
The family is a fundamental social institution, but its form is far from universal. The Pre-U syllabus examines diverse family structures: nuclear, extended, lone-parent, reconstituted, same-sex and single-person households. A key debate concerns whether the nuclear family is in decline or simply diversifying. Functionalists have traditionally argued that the nuclear family fulfils essential functions such as primary socialisation and emotional support; however, feminists critique this as a patriarchal ideal that entrenches gender roles.
家庭是一项基本的社会制度，但其形式远非普遍一致。Pre-U 教学大纲考查多种多样的家庭结构：核心家庭、扩展家庭、单亲家庭、重组家庭、同性家庭和单人户。一个关键争论涉及核心家庭是否在衰退还是仅仅在趋向多样化。功能主义者传统上认为核心家庭履行初级社会化和情感支持等必要功能；然而，女性主义者批判这是一种固化性别角色的父权理想。
Trends in marriage, cohabitation and divorce are used to map changes in family life. The rising divorce rate since the mid-20th century is explained through legislative changes, declining stigma, women’s economic independence and higher expectations of marriage. The growth of cohabitation and the postponement of marriage reflect normative and economic shifts. Sociologists also explore the dark side of family life, including domestic abuse and child protection issues, and debate whether the family serves the interests of capitalism or provides a haven from an impersonal world.
婚姻、同居和离婚的趋势被用来描绘家庭生活的变迁。20 世纪中叶以来离婚率的上升可以通过立法变革、污名减少、女性经济独立和对婚姻期望提高来解释。同居的增长和结婚的推迟反映了规范和经济层面的转变。社会学家还探讨家庭生活的阴暗面，包括家暴和儿童保护问题，并辩论家庭究竟是为资本主义利益服务，还是为人们提供一个远离冷漠世界的港湾。
7. Education and Society | 教育与社会
Education is a major agent of socialisation and an arena in which social inequalities are both reproduced and challenged. Functionalist perspectives highlight the role of education in transmitting shared values, fostering social solidarity and sifting and sorting individuals into occupational roles based on merit. In contrast, Marxist and neo-Marxist theorists argue that education reproduces class inequality by transmitting ruling-class ideology and legitimising the existing class structure through the myth of meritocracy.
教育是社会化的主要媒介，也是社会不平等既被再生产又受到挑战的场域。功能主义视角强调教育在传递共享价值观、培养社会凝聚力以及根据才干筛选并分派个体至职业角色方面的作用。相反，马克思主义和新马克思主义理论者主张，教育通过传递统治阶级意识形态并借助贤能主义的神话将现有阶级结构合法化，从而再生产阶级不平等。
Patterns of differential achievement by social class, gender and ethnicity are thoroughly examined. Internal factors (within schools), such as teacher labelling, streaming and the hidden curriculum, operate alongside external factors such as material deprivation, cultural capital and language codes (Bernstein). While girls have outperformed boys at most levels in recent decades, gender gaps persist in subject choices and career paths. Ethnic disparities are analysed through the lenses of racism, family structure and cultural expectations, always being careful to avoid homogenising diverse ethnic experiences.
按社会阶级、性别和种族划分的学业成就差异模式受到细致审视。校内因素（如教师标签、分流和隐性课程）与物质匮乏、文化资本及语言编码（伯恩斯坦）等校外因素共同作用。尽管近几十年来女孩在大多数教育阶段的成绩已优于男孩，但科目选择和职业路径方面仍存在性别差距。种族差异则通过种族主义、家庭结构和文化期望的视角加以分析，并始终小心避免将多元种族经历同质化。
8. Crime, Deviance and Social Control | 犯罪、越轨与社会控制
Deviance refers to behaviour that violates social norms, while crime is behaviour that breaks formal legal codes. Sociologists are interested not only in why people commit crimes but also in how certain acts come to be defined as deviant and how agencies of social control respond. Functionalist approaches, such as Durkheim’s theory of anomie and Merton’s strain theory, see crime as a normal (though dysfunctional) product of social structures when there is a disjuncture between culturally approved goals and legitimate means of achieving them.
越轨指违反社会规范的行为，而犯罪则指触犯正式法律条文的行为。社会学家不仅关注人们为何犯罪，还关注某些行为如何被界定为越轨，以及社会控制机构如何做出反应。功能主义取向，如涂尔干的失范理论和默顿的紧张理论，将犯罪视为社会结构的正常产物（尽管功能失调），当文化认可的目标与实现目标的合法手段之间存在脱节时便会产生。
Interactionist labelling theory radically reframes the issue by arguing that deviance is not a quality of the act but rather a label applied by audiences with power. Becker’s concept of moral entrepreneurs and Lemert’s distinction between primary and secondary deviance illustrate how labelling can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy and a deviant career. Marxist criminology focuses on the selective enforcement of law that protects the interests of the ruling class, while feminist perspectives expose the gender-blind nature of much traditional criminology, highlighting female offending, the victimisation of women, and the patriarchal character of criminal justice systems.
互动论标签理论从根本上重构了这一问题，主张越轨并非行为本身的属性，而是由具有权力的观众贴上的标签。贝克尔关于道德企业家的概念以及莱默特对初次越轨与次级越轨的区分，展示了标签如何导致自我实现的预言和越轨生涯。马克思主义犯罪学关注执法方面的选择性，以保护统治阶级的利益，而女性主义视角则揭露了大量传统犯罪学中性别盲区的本质，强调女性犯罪、女性受害以及刑事司法体系的父权特征。
9. Religion, Belief and Society | 宗教、信仰与社会
The sociological study of religion does not concern itself with the truth claims of any faith but rather with the role religion plays in social life. Substantive definitions focus on the content of belief (e.g., belief in a supernatural being), while functional definitions focus on what religion does (e.g., providing meaning and integration). Durkheim’s classic study of totemism illustrates how religion reinforces collective conscience and social solidarity. Marx, in contrast, viewed religion as an ideology that legitimates suffering and dulls revolutionary potential – ‘the opium of the people’.
宗教的社会学研究不关心任何信仰的真实性主张，而是关注宗教在社会生活中的角色。实质性定义侧重信仰内容（如信奉超自然存在），功能性定义则聚焦宗教所起的作用（如提供意义与整合）。涂尔干对图腾崇拜的经典研究阐明了宗教如何强化集体意识和社会团结。相反，马克思将宗教视为一种使苦难合法化并消磨革命潜力的意识形态——“人民的鸦片”。
Secularisation theory claimed that religious belief, practice and influence decline as societies modernise. However, this thesis is increasingly challenged by evidence of religious resurgence, the growth of new religious movements, and the privatisation rather than disappearance of faith. The Pre-U syllabus also explores contemporary issues such as religious fundamentalism, the relationship between religion and globalisation, and the intersection of religion with ethnicity and conflict. Weber’s Protestant ethic thesis, linking Calvinist beliefs to the rise of capitalism, remains a foundational text for understanding the transformative power of religious ideas.
世俗化理论声称，随着社会现代化，宗教信仰、实践和影响力会下降。然而，这一论点日益受到宗教复兴证据、新兴宗教运动增长以及信仰的私人化而非消失等现象的挑战。Pre-U 教学大纲还探讨当代议题，如原教旨主义、宗教与全球化的关系，以及宗教与种族和冲突的交叉。韦伯的新教伦理命题将加尔文宗信仰与资本主义的兴起联系起来，至今仍是理解宗教观念变革力量的基础文本。
10. Media, Communication and Society | 媒体、传播与社会
The mass media are central to contemporary social life, shaping public opinion, constructing collective identities and framing social reality. Sociological theories range from the hypodermic syringe model, which sees audiences as passive and directly affected by media messages, to the uses and gratifications approach, which acknowledges active audiences who select and interpret media to meet their needs. The cultural effects model and agenda-setting theory explore how media shape what audiences think about and how they think about it over the long term.
大众媒体在当代社会生活中居于核心地位，塑造公众舆论、建构集体认同并框定社会现实。社会学理论涵盖从皮下注射模型（认为受众被动且直接被媒体讯息影响）到使用与满足取向（承认受众主动选择并解读媒体以满足自身需求）的广泛谱系。文化效果模型和议程设置理论探究媒体如何长期影响受众的思考内容和思考方式。
The concentration of media ownership and the role of global media conglomerates raise questions about power, ideology and cultural homogenisation. Neo-Marxist perspectives argue that media content reflects the interests of the capitalist class, while pluralists insist that competition and audience diversity ensure a marketplace of ideas. The digital revolution and the rise of new media have transformed patterns of consumption and production, enabling user-generated content and the blurring of boundaries between producers and audiences. However, concerns about digital divides, fake news and algorithmic echo chambers continue to provoke sociological debate.
媒体所有权的集中以及全球传媒集团的角色引发了对权力、意识形态和文化同质化的质疑。新马克思主义观点认为媒体内容反映资产阶级利益，而多元主义者则坚持竞争与受众多样性可确保观念的市场。数字革命与新媒体的崛起改变了消费与生产的模式，赋予用户生成内容的能力，并模糊了生产者与受众的界限。然而，对数字鸿沟、虚假新闻和算法回声室的担忧继续引发社会学争论。
11. Globalisation and Social Change | 全球化与社会变迁
Globalisation refers to the intensification of worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away. It encompasses economic, political, cultural and technological dimensions. The Pre-U syllabus invites students to evaluate the extent to which we now live in a ‘global village’, and to assess the impacts of globalisation on identities, cultures, inequalities and the environment.
全球化指世界性社会关系的强化，它将遥远的地方联结起来，使本地事件受到数千里外事件的影响。它涵盖经济、政治、文化和技术等维度。Pre-U 教学大纲要求学生评估我们现今在多大程度上生活在一个“地球村”中，并评价全球化对身份认同、文化、不平等和环境的影响。
Theoretical perspectives on globalisation range from hyperglobalist accounts (which see the nation-state as obsolete) to transformationalist views that acknowledge significant change without the erasure of national borders. Sociologists study the effects of transnational corporations, international migration, global media flows and global risk consciousness. The rise of global social movements, such as environmentalism and human rights campaigns, demonstrates new forms of cosmopolitan solidarity, while backlashes in the form of resurgent nationalism and fundamentalism highlight the contested nature of global integration.
全球化的理论视角涵盖从超全球主义论述（认为民族国家已过时）到转型主义观点（承认重大变化但未消除国界）。社会学家研究跨国公司、国际移民、全球媒体流和全球风险意识的影响。环保主义和人权运动等全球社会运动的兴起展示了新形式的世界公民团结，而以复兴民族主义和原教旨主义形式出现的反弹则凸显了全球一体化充满争议的本质。
12. Power, Politics and the State | 权力、政治与国家
Power is a foundational concept in sociology, referring to the capacity of individuals or groups to realise their will even against resistance. Weber distinguished between authority based on tradition, charisma and legal-rational rules, while Marx rooted power in class relations. Contemporary analysis includes Lukes’ three-dimensional view of power: decision-making power, non-decision-making power (agenda-setting), and ideological power (shaping desires and beliefs).
权力是社会学的基石概念，指个体或群体即便面对反抗也能实现其意志的能力。韦伯区分了基于传统、卡里斯玛和法理规则的权威，而马克思将权力植根于阶级关系。当代分析包括卢克斯关于权力的三维视角：决策权、非决策权（议程设置）和意识形态权力（塑造欲望与信念）。
The state is the set of institutions that exercise political authority over a given territory, while the government is the temporary administration. Sociologists evaluate competing theories of the state: pluralists see the state as a neutral arbiter among competing interest groups; Marxists view it as an instrument of the ruling class; and Weberians highlight its own autonomous bureaucratic power. Citizenship, rights and the welfare state are central to debates about social democracy and the provision of public goods. Political participation, or its absence, is examined through voting patterns, social movements and the influence of new media on civic engagement.
国家是在特定领土上行使政治权威的一系列制度，而政府则是临时的行政管理。社会学家评价相互竞争的国家理论：多元主义者将国家视为相互竞争利益集团之间的中立仲裁者；马克思主义者视其为统治阶级的工具；韦伯主义者则凸显其自主的官僚制权力。公民身份、权利和福利国家是社会民主主义和公共物品供给争论的核心。政治参与及其缺失通过投票模式、社会运动和数字媒体对公民参与的影响得以审视。
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