Pre-U Edexcel Engineering: Quick Glossary Memorization Guide | Pre-U Edexcel 工程：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Pre-U Edexcel Engineering: Quick Glossary Memorization Guide | Pre-U Edexcel 工程：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering technical vocabulary is essential for success in Pre-U Edexcel Engineering. This guide presents key terms grouped by topic, with clear definitions in both English and Chinese, paired with memory aids that use roots, acronyms, or vivid images. Read the English explanation, then review the Chinese version to lock in the concept.

掌握技术词汇是 Pre-U Edexcel 工程取得好成绩的关键。本指南按主题分组核心术语，给出中英双语清晰定义，并借助词根、首字母缩写或生动图像提供记忆窍门。先读英文释义，再对照中文理解，把概念牢牢记住。

1. Materials Properties | 材料性能

Ductility – The ability of a material to deform plastically under tensile stress before fracturing, often measured by percentage elongation. Think of duct as a tube — the material can be drawn into a thin wire without breaking.

延展性 – 材料在拉伸应力下发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力，常用伸长率衡量。记法：Ductility 含“duct”（管道），像金属能被拉成细管而不折断。

Toughness – The capacity to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing; it is the area under the stress–strain curve. A tough athlete endures impact — similarly, a tough material resists fracture under sudden loads.

韧性 – 材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不破裂的能力，等于应力–应变曲线下的面积。记法：Tough（坚韧的）运动员能承受冲击，同样，韧性材料在突加载荷下不易断裂。

Hardness – Resistance to localized plastic deformation, typically from indentation. Scratch tests (Mohs) or indenters (Brinell, Vickers) measure it. Hard is the opposite of soft — a hard surface cannot be easily scratched.

硬度 – 抵抗局部塑性变形（通常是压痕）的能力，常用划痕试验（莫氏）或压头法（布氏、维氏）测定。记法：Hard 即“硬”，软的东西易被划伤，硬的材料则能抵抗压入。

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2. Force, Stress and Strain | 力、应力与应变

Stress (σ) – The internal force per unit area within a material, σ = F/A. Imagine the material carrying a load distributed over its cross‑sectional area. The Greek letter σ (sigma) resembles an S for ‘stress’.

应力 – 材料内部单位面积上的内力，σ = F/A。把载荷想象成均匀分布在截面上，面积越大应力越小。符号 σ 形似字母 S，可联想 Stress。

Strain (ε) – The dimensionless measure of deformation, ε = ΔL/L₀. It is a ratio, so it has no units. Strain rhymes with ‘gain’ — you gain length under tension.

应变 – 无量纲的变形量度，ε = ΔL/L₀，是一个比值，故无单位。记法：Strain 音似“伸”，拉伸时长度增加。

Young’s Modulus (E) – The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain in the linear elastic region, E = σ/ε. A high E means a stiff material. Think of a young, stiff tree that does not bend easily.

杨氏模量 – 线弹性范围内拉伸应力与拉伸应变之比，E = σ/ε。E 值高表示材料刚硬。记法：Young（年轻）的树坚硬不易弯曲。

Poisson’s Ratio (ν) – The negative ratio of lateral strain to axial strain, ν = −ε_lateral/ε_axial. For most metals, ν ≈ 0.3. Visualize squeezing a rubber eraser: it bulges sideways — the lateral expansion is constrained by Poisson’s effect.

泊松比 – 横向应变与轴向应变之比的负值，ν = −ε_lateral/ε_axial。多数金属 ν ≈ 0.3。想象挤压橡皮擦时，它向两侧鼓出——这就是泊松效应，侧向膨胀受轴向压缩限制。

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3. Thermodynamics | 热力学

Enthalpy (H) – The total heat content of a system at constant pressure, H = U + pV. In many processes, the change in enthalpy ΔH equals the heat exchanged. Enthalpy sounds like ‘in-thal-py’ — think of interior (internal energy) plus pV work.

焓 – 系统在恒压下的总热含量，H = U + pV。许多过程中焓变 ΔH 等于交换的热量。记法：Enthalpy 音近“内塞”，指内能 U 加上 pV 的“塞入”功。

Entropy (S) – A measure of disorder or randomness in a system. For a reversible process, dS = dQ_rev/T. Entropy begins with ‘en-‘ like ‘energy’ but points toward disorder — a messy room has high entropy.

熵 – 系统无序性或随机性的量度。对可逆过程，dS = dQ_rev/T。记法：Entropy 开头像 Energy，但趋向混乱——凌乱的房间熵值高。

Specific Heat Capacity (c) – The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K, c = Q/(mΔT). Water has a high c (≈ 4184 J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹), so it heats slowly. Specific here means ‘per unit mass’.

比热容 – 使 1 kg 物质升高 1 K 所需的热量，c = Q/(mΔT)。水的比热容大，升温慢。记法：Specific 意为“每单位质量”，像“特殊的”需求——单位质量的特有热量。

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4. Fluid Mechanics | 流体力学

Viscosity (μ) – A fluid’s resistance to flow; dynamic viscosity μ relates shear stress to velocity gradient. High viscosity means thick, slow‑flowing fluid. Viscous sounds like ‘stick‑ous’ — sticky fluids cling to surfaces.

黏度 – 流体流动的阻力，动力黏度 μ 将剪切应力与速度梯度联系起来。高黏度意味着流体浓稠、流动慢。记法：Viscous 音似“粘稠”，像蜂蜜粘在勺子上。

Reynolds Number (Re) – A dimensionless number Re = ρvL/μ that predicts flow regime: laminar (Re < 2000) or turbulent (Re > 4000). Named after Osborne Reynolds. Think of a reyn (rain) droplet: slow rain is laminar, heavy storm is turbulent.

雷诺数 – 无量纲数 Re = ρvL/μ，用于判断流态：Re < 2000 为层流，Re > 4000 为湍流。记法：Reynolds 想象成“雨滴”，小雨层层流下，暴雨湍流翻滚。

Bernoulli’s Principle – For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow, p + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant. Faster fluid implies lower pressure. An airplane wing uses this: faster air over the top creates lift.

伯努利原理 – 对于定常、无黏、不可压缩流动，p + ½ρv² + ρgh = 常量。流速越大，压强越低。飞机机翼就是利用上表面气流快、压强小产生升力。记法：Bernoulli 似“伯努力”——努力飞起靠升力。

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5. Electric Circuits | 电路

Resistance (R) – The opposition to current flow, R = V/I, measured in ohms (Ω). Resistors dissipate energy as heat. Resist means ‘to oppose’ — imagine a narrow pipe resisting water flow.

电阻 – 对电流的阻碍作用，R = V/I，单位欧姆（Ω）。电阻器以热的形式耗散能量。记法：Resist 即“抵抗”，像细管阻碍水流。

Capacitance (C) – The ability to store electric charge, C = Q/V, measured in farads (F). A capacitor stores energy in an electric field. Capacitor shares a root with ‘capacity’ — it has the capacity to hold charge.

电容 – 储存电荷的能力，C = Q/V，单位法拉（F）。电容器将能量储存在电场中。记法：Capacitance 与“capacity”（容量）同源——储存电荷的容量。

Inductance (L) – The property of a conductor that opposes changes in current, creating a back emf, measured in henries (H). An inductor stores energy in a magnetic field. Induct suggests ‘induce’ — a changing current induces a voltage.

电感 – 导体阻碍电流变化的特性，会产生反电动势，单位亨利（H）。电感器将能量储存在磁场中。记法：Inductance 含“induce”（感应）——变化的电流感应出电压。

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6. Electronics | 电子学

Diode – A semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only. It has an anode (p‑side) and a cathode (n‑side); forward bias turns it on. Di- means two, like two terminals with a one‑way path.

二极管 – 一种只允许电流单向流动的半导体器件，有阳极（p 区）和阴极（n 区）；正向偏置时导通。记法：Di- 意为“二”，两个端子只走单行道。

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) – A three‑terminal device (base, emitter, collector) used for amplification or switching. A small base current controls a larger collector current. Think of a small gatekeeper (base) controlling a large flow of people (collector).

双极结型晶体管 – 三端器件（基极、发射极、集电极），用于放大或开关。微小的基极电流控制较大的集电极电流。记法：基极好比小门卫控制着大人流（集电极）。

Operational Amplifier (Op‑Amp) – A high‑gain voltage amplifier with differential inputs and usually a single output. It performs mathematical operations like addition, integration. Operational points to its ability to do operations.

运算放大器 – 高增益电压放大器，具有差分输入端，通常单端输出。可执行加法、积分等数学运算。记法：Operational 即“运算”，它天生会做运算。

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7. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺

Casting – Pouring molten metal into a mould cavity, where it solidifies into the desired shape. Sand casting, die casting are common variants. Cast a metal like you cast a fishing line — liquid material fills a shape.

铸造 – 将熔融金属浇入模腔，冷却凝固后获得所需形状。常见有砂型铸造、压铸。记法：Cast 像“投掷”，把液态金属投入模具成形。

Forging – Shaping metal by applying compressive forces, often with a hammer or press, while it is hot or cold. Forgings have aligned grain flow for improved strength. A forge is a blacksmith’s workplace — hammering to shape.

锻造 – 利用锤击或压力对金属施加压缩力使其成形，可热锻或冷锻。锻件晶粒流线连续，强度提高。记法：Forge 即铁匠铺，叮当锤打成形。

Extrusion – Squeezing material through a die to create long objects with a constant cross‑section, like aluminium window frames. Think of squeezing toothpaste from a tube — the paste takes the shape of the opening.

挤压 – 将材料通过模具挤出，产生恒定截面的长形制品，如铝窗框。记法：类似挤牙膏，膏体被挤出口就变成开口的形状。

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8. Engineering Mathematics & Units | 工程数学与单位

Derivative (dy/dx) – The instantaneous rate of change of a function. In mechanics, velocity is the derivative of displacement with respect to time. Derive means to obtain from a source — the slope is derived from the function.

导数 – 函数瞬时变化率。力学中速度是位移对时间的导数。记法：Derivative 来源于“derive”（推导），斜率是从函数推导出来的。

Integral (∫f(x)dx) – The accumulation of quantity; area under a curve. Work done by a variable force is the integral of force with respect to displacement. The symbol ∫ is an elongated S for ‘sum’.

积分 – 量的累积；曲线下的面积。变力做功是力对位移的积分。符号 ∫ 是拉长的 S，代表求和（Sum）。

SI Base Units – The seven fundamental units: metre (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), mole (mol), candela (cd). All other units are derived from these. Remember MKS plus electricity, temperature, amount, and light.

国际单位制基本单位 – 七个基本单位：米、千克、秒、安培、开尔文、摩尔、坎德拉。其他单位均由它们导出。记法：先记 MKS 三基准，再加电、温、物、光四项。

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Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com

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