Pre-U Edexcel Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Pre-U Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Pre-U Edexcel Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Pre-U Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南

In Pre-U Edexcel Physical Education, a strong command of specialist terminology is the key to accessing high marks across anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, psychology and socio-cultural topics. This guide breaks down must-know terms into logical clusters and provides memory hooks that help you recall definitions quickly under exam pressure. Each section follows a bilingual pattern: an English definition with a practical memory tip, immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent. Use this resource to drill the language of the subject until it becomes second nature.

在 Pre-U Edexcel 体育课程中，扎实掌握专业术语是解锁解剖学、生理学、生物力学、心理学与社会文化等模块高分的钥匙。本指南将必考词汇按逻辑聚类，并配以记忆口诀，帮助你在考试压力下迅速调取定义。每个小节均采用英中对译模式：先给出英文定义与速记提示，紧接着提供对应的中文释义。请反复诵读这门学科的语言，直至内化成本能反应。

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1. Skeletal System & Joint Actions | 骨骼系统与关节动作

Flexion – a movement that decreases the angle at a joint, such as bending the elbow. Think of a ‘flexed’ bicep – the angle gets smaller.

屈曲 – 减小关节角度的动作，例如弯屈肘部。联想秀二头肌时“屈”起来，角度变小。

Extension – increasing the joint angle back to the anatomical position, like straightening the knee. Extend = straighten out.

伸展 – 增大关节角度回到解剖学姿态，如伸直膝盖。伸展就是拉直。

Abduction – moving a limb away from the midline of the body. Imagine an alien ‘abducting’ your arm sideways – away from the body.

外展 – 将肢体朝远离身体中线方向移动。想象被外星人“绑架”，手臂被横向拉开。

Adduction – moving a limb towards the midline. ‘Add’ the limb back to the body’s centre.

内收 – 将肢体移向身体中线。把手臂“加回”体侧，往中间收拢。

Pronation – inward rotation of the forearm so the palm faces down. Pro-basketball players dribble with the palm down.

旋前 – 前臂向内旋转使掌心朝下。职业篮球选手运球时掌心向下，对应“前”旋。

Supination – outward rotation of the forearm so the palm faces up, as if holding a bowl of soup. Soup-ination.

旋后 – 前臂向外旋转使掌心朝上，就像端着一碗汤。Soup 谐音帮助记忆。

Plantarflexion – pointing the foot downwards, like pressing a car pedal. Plant the foot on the pedal.

跖屈 – 足尖向下踩踏板动作。想象踩油门，脚掌下压。

Dorsiflexion – pulling the toes upwards towards the shin. A shark’s dorsal fin points up – so toes up.

背屈 – 将脚趾向小腿方向勾起。鲨鱼背鳍向上竖起，因此足尖也向上勾起。

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2. Muscular System: Fibre Types & Contractions | 肌肉系统：肌纤维类型与收缩

Type I fibres – slow-twitch oxidative fibres, high in mitochondria and myoglobin, suited for endurance. ‘One slow marathon’ links Type I with long-lasting effort.

I 型纤维 – 慢缩氧化型纤维，线粒体与肌红蛋白丰富，适合耐力运动。用“一型马拉松”记住它持久慢速。

Type IIa fibres – fast oxidative glycolytic fibres, used in middle-distance events. ‘IIa’ sounds like ‘a’ mix – both speed and some endurance.

IIa 型纤维 – 快缩氧化酵解型纤维，用于中距离项目。IIa 可记为混合型，兼具速度与耐力。

Type IIx fibres – fast glycolytic fibres, recruited for explosive, short-duration efforts. Extreme speed, extreme fatigue.

IIx 型纤维 – 快缩酵解型纤维，专为爆发性短时运动服务。极致速度，极致疲劳。

Agonist – the prime mover muscle that contracts to create movement. Agonist is the ‘actor’ on stage doing the work.

主动肌 – 收缩产生动作的主要肌肉。主动肌好比舞台上的“主角”，负责完成动作。

Antagonist – the muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to work smoothly. Anti-agonist opposes the prime mover’s action.

拮抗肌 – 放松以配合主动肌顺利工作的肌肉。Anti 表示对抗，牵制主动肌防止过度。

Isometric contraction – muscle contracts but does not change length, e.g., holding a plank. ‘Iso-metric’ = same length.

等长收缩 – 肌肉收缩但长度不变，如平板支撑。等长意味着长度保持相同。

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3. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Terminology | 心血管与呼吸术语

Stroke volume – the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat. A stronger heart gives a bigger stroke, like a bigger pump.

每搏输出量 – 左心室每次搏动射出的血量。心脏越强壮，每搏输出越大，像更大马力的泵。

Cardiac output (Q) – stroke volume × heart rate; the total blood pumped per minute. Q = SV × HR – just multiply the two.

心输出量 (Q) – 每搏输出量乘以心率，即每分钟泵血总量。公式 Q = SV × HR，记住两因素相乘。

Venous return – the flow of blood back to the heart. Active muscle pump and respiratory pump help drive it.

静脉回流量 – 回流心脏的血液量。肌肉泵和呼吸泵能辅助促进静脉回流。

VO₂ max – maximum oxygen uptake during intense exercise; key indicator of aerobic capacity. The ‘V’ is for volume, O₂ is oxygen.

最大摄氧量 – 剧烈运动时机体摄取氧气的最大值，反映有氧能力。VO₂ max 中 V 代表容量，O₂ 是氧气。

Tidal volume – volume of air inhaled or exhaled per normal breath. At rest it is small, during exercise it deepens like the tide.

潮气量 – 每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的气体量。安静时较小，运动时像潮水般加深。

Minute ventilation (VE) – tidal volume × breathing rate per minute. ‘Minute’ reminds you it is per minute.

每分通气量 (VE) – 潮气量乘以每分钟呼吸频率。紧扣“每分”，即每分钟的通气总量。

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4. Energy Systems & Fatigue | 能量系统与疲劳

ATP-PC system – also named the alactic anaerobic system; provides instant energy (0–10 s) using stored phosphocreatine. ATP split → ADP + Pi; PCr → Cr + Pi to resynthesise ATP.

ATP-PC 系统 – 也称无乳酸无氧系统，利用储存的磷酸肌酸在 0–10 秒提供瞬间能量。ATP 分解为 ADP + Pi；PCr 分解为 Cr + Pi 再合成 ATP。

Anaerobic glycolytic system – breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing energy for high-intensity efforts up to ~90 s, but yields lactic acid. Think ‘glyco-lytic’ – glucose splitting.

无氧酵解系统 – 无氧参与下分解葡萄糖，为约 90 秒的高强度运动供能，但会产生乳酸。“酵解”即葡萄糖裂解。

Aerobic system – uses oxygen to completely break down carbohydrates and fats; dominant in endurance activities. ‘Air-obic’ requires oxygen.

有氧系统 – 利用氧气充分分解碳水化合物与脂肪，在耐力活动中占主导。有氧即需要空气（氧气）。

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) – the elevated oxygen uptake after exercise to restore body to resting state. Previously called ‘oxygen debt’.

运动后过量氧耗 (EPOC) – 运动后用来恢复身体稳态的额外摄氧，旧称“氧债”。

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) – the point where blood lactate rises sharply; a marker of anaerobic threshold. OBLA = 4 mmol/L blood lactate.

血乳酸堆积起点 (OBLA) – 血乳酸急剧升高的临界点，反映无氧阈。通常指血乳酸达 4 mmol/L。

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) – micro-tears in muscle cause pain 24–48 h after unaccustomed exercise. ‘DOMS feels like you’ve been delayed in moving.’

延迟性肌肉酸痛 (DOMS) – 因微细肌纤维撕裂在运动后 24–48 小时出现的疼痛。DOMS 让你延迟了正常行动。

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5. Biomechanics: Motion & Levers | 生物力学：运动与杠杆

First-class lever – fulcrum is between effort and load, e.g., neck extension. ‘1st class sits in the middle like a seesaw.’

第一类杠杆 – 支点位于力点与负荷之间，如颈后伸动作。第一类像跷跷板，支点在中间。

Second-class lever – load is between fulcrum and effort, e.g., calf raise. ‘Second class carries the load in the middle.’

第二类杠杆 – 负荷居中，支点与力点分居两端，如提踵。第二类把负荷扛在中间。

Third-class lever – effort is between fulcrum and load, e.g., bicep curl. Most body levers are third class for speed and range.

第三类杠杆 – 力点居中，如弯举。人体大多数杠杆属此类，侧重速度与活动范围。

Newton’s First Law (Inertia) – a body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. Same as laziness – you stay still until pushed.

牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）– 物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动，直到外力迫使它改变。惯性好比懒散，不推就不动。

Projectile velocity – determined by angle, height of release and speed. Optimal angle for long jump is less than 45° due to take-off height.

抛射速度 – 由出手（起跳）角度、高度和初速度决定。跳远的最优角度常低于 45°，因起跳高度已存在。

Angular momentum – quantity of rotation a body possesses; remains constant if no external torque acts. Ice skater pulling arms in spins faster.

角动量 – 物体旋转的量，没有外力矩时守恒。滑冰者收拢手臂时转速加快就是此原理。

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6. Skill Acquisition & Information Processing | 技能习得与信息处理

Open skill – performed in an unpredictable environment, requiring constant adaptation, e.g., football dribbling. The environment is ‘open’ to change.

开放式技能 – 在不可预测的环境中进行，需要持续调整，如足球盘带。环境随时“开放”变化。

Closed skill – performed in a stable, predictable setting, e.g., a free throw in basketball. The context is ‘closed’ and under your control.

闭合式技能 – 在稳定可预测的环境中进行，如篮球罚球。情境是“封闭”的，由你掌控。

Reaction time – the time from stimulus onset to the initiation of movement. Simple RT is one stimulus; choice RT involves multiple options – Hick’s Law.

反应时 – 从刺激出现到动作开始的时间。简单反应时对应单一刺激；选择反应时涉及多选项，符合希克定律。

Schema theory – Schmidt’s idea that motor programmes are stored as generalised rules (recall and recognition schema) that adapt to new situations.

图式理论 – 施密特提出运动程序以通用的规则储存（回忆图式与再认图式），并能迁移适应新情境。

Transfer of learning – the influence of one skill on the performance of another. Positive transfer aids, negative hinders, bilateral works across limbs.

学习迁移 – 一项技能对另一项技能表现的影响。正迁移促进，负迁移干扰，双侧迁移发生在肢体间。

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7. Sports Psychology: Anxiety, Arousal & Motivation | 运动心理学：焦虑、唤醒与动机

Trait anxiety – a stable aspect of personality that predisposes an individual to perceive situations as threatening. Some people are ‘born worriers’.

特质焦虑 – 人格中较稳定的部分，使人倾向于将情境视为威胁。部分人是“天生焦虑者”。

State anxiety – a temporary emotional response to a specific situation, like penalty shoot-out nerves. State is situational.

状态焦虑 – 对特定情境的暂时情绪反应，例如点球大战中的紧张。状态随情境而变。

Inverted-U theory – performance improves with arousal up to an optimal point, then declines. Too little arousal = boredom; too much = panic.

倒 U 理论 – 表现随唤醒水平上升而提高，至最佳点后下降。唤醒过低则无聊，过高则恐慌。

Catastrophe theory – when cognitive anxiety is high and arousal rises, performance may not drop gradually but collapse suddenly. Think of a cliff edge.

突变理论 – 当认知焦虑高且唤醒再升高时，表现可能不是逐步下降，而是突然崩溃，如同跌落悬崖。

Intrinsic motivation – drive from within, such as pride or enjoyment. ‘In-trinsic’ = inside. Stronger for long-term adherence.

内在动机 – 源于内心的驱动力，如自豪感或乐趣。Intrinsic 意为内在，更利于长期坚持。

Self-efficacy – Bandura’s term for situation-specific confidence in one’s ability to succeed. Past success, vicarious experience, and verbal persuasion build it.

自我效能 – 班杜拉提出的概念，指对特定情境下成功能力的信心。过往成功、替代经验和言语劝服都能提升它。

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8. Training Methods & Principles | 训练方法与原则

SPORRT principles – Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Recovery, Tedium. The extra ‘R’ reminds you to avoid boredom.

SPORRT 训练原则 – 针对性、渐进性、超负荷、可逆性、恢复性、趣味性。多出的 R 提醒避免训练枯燥。

FITT principle – Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type. A quick checklist for any overload prescription.

FITT 原则 – 频率、强度、时间、类型。这是制定超负荷计划的快速检查清单。

Periodisation – dividing an annual plan into macro-, meso- and micro-cycles to peak at the right time. Think period-dividing.

周期化 – 将年度计划划分为大周期、中周期和小周期，以实现适时达到最佳状态。就是分期规划。

Plyometrics – explosive jumping and bounding exercises using the stretch-shortening cycle. Plyo = more power.

增强式训练 – 利用牵张缩短循环的爆发性跳跃训练。Plyo 隐含“加力”之意。

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) – alternating intense bursts with recovery intervals to maximize aerobic and anaerobic fitness efficiently.

高强度间歇训练 (HIIT) – 高强度爆发与恢复间歇交替，高效提升有氧与无氧能力。

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) – a stretching technique involving isometric contraction followed by relaxation to gain greater range.

本体感觉神经肌肉促进法 (PNF) – 包含等长收缩与随后放松的拉伸技术，可增大关节活动范围。

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9. Socio-Cultural Issues in Sport | 体育中的社会文化议题

Commercialisation – treating sport as a commodity to generate profit through sponsorship, media and merchandise. The ‘golden triangle’ of sport, media and business.

商业化 – 将体育视为商品，通过赞助、媒体和周边产品创造利润。体育、媒体、商业构成“金三角”。

Globalisation – the spread of sport across borders, influenced by media corporations and international events. Think global leagues and e-sport expansion.

全球化 – 体育跨越国界的传播，受媒体集团与国际赛事推动。想想全球联赛与电竞拓展。

Deviance in sport – behaviour that goes against the norms or rules, including doping, match-fixing, and violent conduct. Desired deviance vs. real deviance.

体育越轨行为 – 违反规范或规则的行为，如兴奋剂、假球、暴力行为。分为期望性越轨与真实越轨。

Social facilitation – the effect of an audience on performance; enhances simple skills but can impair complex ones (Zajonc’s drive theory).

社会促进效应 – 他人在场对表现的影响；对简单技能有助益，对复杂技能可能干扰（扎伊翁茨驱力理论）。

Media influence – structures coverage time, shapes role models and can reinforce stereotypes. ‘The camera decides what people see.’

媒体影响 – 媒体分配报道时间，塑造榜样，也可能强化刻板印象。“镜头决定大众看到什么”。

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10. Injury Prevention & Rehabilitation | 损伤预防与康复

RICE protocol – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation used immediately for acute soft tissue injuries. ‘RICE’ cools and constrains the damaged area.

RICE 原则 – 休息、冰敷、加压、抬高，用于急性软组织损伤即时处理。“RICE”给伤处降温和限位。

Sprain vs. Strain – a sprain involves ligament damage; a strain involves muscle or tendon damage. ‘Ligament-Like a rope’ – sprain the rope.

扭伤与拉伤 – 扭伤伤及韧带；拉伤伤及肌肉或肌腱。韧带像绳索，扭伤即“扭了绳”。

Acute injury – sudden onset trauma, e.g., fracture, dislocation. ‘Acute = a quick hit.’

急性损伤 – 突发性创伤，如骨折、脱位。“急性”就是一下子发生的。

Chronic overuse injury – develops gradually from repetitive stress, e.g., shin splints, tendonitis. ‘Chronic has a timeline.’

慢性劳损 – 因反复应力逐步累积形成，如外胫夹、肌腱炎。“慢性”伴随着时间线。

Proprioception retraining – rehabilitation exercises restoring the body’s positional awareness after injury. Balance boards and wobble cushions are key tools.

本体感觉再训练 – 恢复损伤后身体位置感知的康复练习。平衡板与晃动垫是常用工具。

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Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com

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