Pre-U OCR French: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Pre-U OCR 法语:公式定理速查手册

📚 Pre-U OCR French: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Pre-U OCR 法语:公式定理速查手册

This concise handbook presents the essential “formulas” and “theorems” of Pre-U OCR French – the key grammatical rules, verb conjugations, and structural principles that form the backbone of the syllabus. Whether you are preparing for comprehension, essay writing, or oral exams, these core patterns will help you construct accurate and sophisticated French. Each rule is presented in English with an immediate Chinese translation for clarity, ensuring bilingual command of the material.

这本简明手册呈现了 Pre-U OCR 法语的关键“公式”和“定理”——即构成课程体系支柱的核心语法规则、动词变位和结构原则。无论你准备的是阅读理解、写作还是口语考试,这些核心模式都能帮助你构建准确且地道的法语句子。每条规则首先用英语说明,紧接着配上中文翻译,确保双语掌握材料。

1. Present Tense Conjugations: Regular Verbs | 现在时变位:规则动词

Regular -er verbs (e.g. parler) drop the -er and add -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. Regular -ir verbs (e.g. finir) drop the -ir and add -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. Regular -re verbs (e.g. vendre) drop the -re and add -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent, with no ending for the il form.

规则 -er 动词(如 parler)去掉 -er,加上词尾 -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。规则 -ir 动词(如 finir)去掉 -ir,加上 -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。规则 -re 动词(如 vendre)去掉 -re,加上 -s, -s, 零词尾, -ons, -ez, -ent,其中 il 形无词尾。

Memorising these patterns allows you to conjugate thousands of verbs. The stem is obtained by removing the infinitive ending, and the endings are added directly to that stem. Note that for -ir verbs, the plural forms insert -iss- before the ending.

记住这些模式后,你就可以变位数千个动词。词干通过去掉不定式词尾获得,然后直接将词尾加到词干上。注意对于 -ir 动词,复数形式在词尾前插入 -iss-。


2. Key Irregular Verbs: The Super Seven | 关键不规则动词:“七大金刚”

The most frequent irregular verbs – être, avoir, faire, aller, pouvoir, vouloir, devoir – must be memorised by heart. Their present tense forms are: je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont (être); j’ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont (avoir); je fais, tu fais, il fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils font (faire); je vais, tu vas, il va, nous allons, vous allez, ils vont (aller); je peux, tu peux, il peut, nous pouvons, vous pouvez, ils peuvent (pouvoir); je veux, tu veux, il veut, nous voulons, vous voulez, ils veulent (vouloir); je dois, tu dois, il doit, nous devons, vous devez, ils doivent (devoir).

最常用的不规则动词——être, avoir, faire, aller, pouvoir, vouloir, devoir——必须牢记于心。它们现在时的变位形式为:je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont (être);j’ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont (avoir);je fais, tu fais, il fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils font (faire);je vais, tu vas, il va, nous allons, vous allez, ils vont (aller);je peux, tu peux, il peut, nous pouvons, vous pouvez, ils peuvent (pouvoir);je veux, tu veux, il veut, nous voulons, vous voulez, ils veulent (vouloir);je dois, tu dois, il doit, nous devons, vous devez, ils doivent (devoir)。

These verbs also serve as auxiliaries and modal verbs, making them indispensable for compound tenses and expressions of ability, desire, and obligation.

这些动词同时用作助动词和情态动词,在复合时态以及能力、意愿、义务的表达中不可或缺。


3. The Passé Composé: A Binary Formula | 复合过去时:二元公式

Le passé composé is formed with an auxiliary verb (avoir or être) in the present tense + the past participle. Most verbs use avoir; a limited set of intransitive and reflexive verbs use être, and the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject when être is the auxiliary. The agreement rule for avoir applies only if a preceding direct object is present, and the participle agrees with that direct object.

复合过去时由助动词(avoir 或 être)的现在时加上过去分词构成。大多数动词使用 avoir;一部分不及物动词和所有自反动词使用 être,此时过去分词需与主语在性和数上配合。avoir 作助动词时,仅在直接宾语前置的情况下才与直接宾语配合。

This “formula” – auxiliary + past participle – underpins all compound tenses in French, including the pluperfect, future perfect, and conditional perfect.

这一“公式”——助动词 + 过去分词——支撑了法语中所有的复合时态,包括愈过去时、先将来时和条件式过去时。


4. Imperfect vs Passé Composé: The Theorems of Time | 未完成过去时与复合过去时:时间的定理

The imperfect (imparfait) describes ongoing, habitual, or background actions in the past. Its formation is regular: take the nous form of the present indicative, remove -ons, and add -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. The passé composé expresses completed, punctual events. The theorem: imparfait sets the scene; passé composé interrupts or narrates the main action.

未完成过去时(imparfait)描述过去持续进行、习惯性或背景性的动作。它的构成十分规则:取直陈式现在时 nous 形词干,去掉 -ons,加上词尾 -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。复合过去时表达完成、瞬间的事件。定理:未完成过去时铺陈背景;复合过去时打断或叙述主要动作。

An additional formula: quand + imparfait, passé composé (when X was happening, Y happened) and si + imparfait, conditionnel présent (if X were happening, Y would happen).

附加公式:quand + 未完成过去时,复合过去时(当 X 正在进行时,Y 发生了)以及 si + 未完成过去时,条件式现在时(如果 X 正在发生,Y 就会发生)。


5. Future and Conditional: The Stem + Ending Principle | 将来时与条件式:词干+词尾原理

The simple future (futur simple) and the present conditional (conditionnel présent) share the same stem: the entire infinitive (for -er and -ir verbs) or a modified stem for -re verbs (e.g. vendre → vendr-). The future endings are -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. The conditional endings are -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. These endings mirror the imperfect endings, but attached to the future stem.

简单将来时(futur simple)和条件式现在时(conditionnel présent)共享同一个词干:整个不定式(-er 和 -ir 动词)或 -re 动词的变体词干(如 vendre → vendr-)。将来时词尾为 -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。条件式词尾为 -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。这些词尾与未完成过去时的词尾相同,但附加在将来词干上。

Thus, the formula is: [future stem] + [ending set]. Conditional sentences of the type si + imparfait → conditionnel présent demonstrate the theorem of hypothesis.

因此,公式为:[将来词干] + [词尾组]。si + 未完成过去时 → 条件式现在时的条件句展示了假设的定理。


6. The Subjunctive: Triggers and Formation | 虚拟式:触发条件与构成

The subjunctive mood is required after certain conjunctions and expressions indicating necessity, doubt, emotion, or desire (e.g. il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que, vouloir que, être content que). The present subjunctive is formed from the ils/elles form of the present indicative minus -ent, then adding -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. Irregular stems must be memorised, but the endings remain largely regular.

虚拟式在表示必要性、怀疑、情感或愿望的某些连词和表达之后使用(如 il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que, vouloir que, être content que)。虚拟式现在时由直陈式现在时 ils/elles 形去掉 -ent,再加上 -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent 构成。不规则词干需要单独记忆,但词尾基本规则。

Key irregular subjunctive stems: être → soi-, avoir → ai-, faire → fass-, pouvoir → puiss-, savoir → sach-, aller → aill-, vouloir → veuill-.

关键的不规则虚拟式词干:être → soi-,avoir → ai-,faire → fass-,pouvoir → puiss-,savoir → sach-,aller → aill-,vouloir → veuill-。


7. Pronouns: Direct, Indirect, y, en – The Positioning Theorem | 代词:直接、间接、y、en——位置定理

Object pronouns precede the verb in all tenses except the affirmative imperative, where they follow and are hyphenated. The order before the verb is: me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en. In the passé composé, the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun (le, la, les) when avoir is the auxiliary.

宾语代词在所有时态中置于动词前,除非在肯定命令式中,这时代词放在动词后并用连字符连接。动词前的顺序为:me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en。在复合过去时中,当 avoir 作助动词且直接宾语代词(le, la, les)前置时,过去分词需与之配合。

y replaces a location introduced by à (or en/dans/sur, etc.) and en replaces de + noun. These pronouns are essential for concise and idiomatic French, especially in the Pre-U oral and writing sections.

y 代替由 à(或 en/dans/sur 等)引导的地点短语,en 代替 de + 名词结构。这些代词对于简洁、地道的法语至关重要,尤其在 Pre-U 口语和写作部分。


8. Relative Pronouns: The Linking Formula | 关系代词:连接公式

Relative pronouns link clauses and replace a noun mentioned earlier. The core set includes qui (subject), que (direct object), dont (object of de), and lequel/laquelle/lesquels/lesquelles (mainly after prepositions). The choice depends on the grammatical function of the antecedent within the relative clause.

关系代词连接从句并代替之前提到的名词。核心关系代词包括 qui(主语)、que(直接宾语)、dont(de 的宾语)以及 lequel/laquelle/lesquels/lesquelles(主要用于介词后)。选择取决于先行词在关系从句中的语法功能。

dont is a high-yield theorem: it replaces de + noun. For example, le livre dont je parle (the book of which I speak). The compound forms (lequel etc.) agree in gender and number and contract with à and de: auquel, duquel, auxquels, desquelles.

dont 是一个高频考点定理:它代替 de + 名词。例如,le livre dont je parle (我谈到的那本书)。复合形式(lequel 等)在性和数上配合,并与 à 和 de 缩合:auquel, duquel, auxquels, desquelles。


9. Negation: The Sandwich Structure | 否定结构:三明治结构

Standard negation wraps the conjugated verb with ne … pas, but many other negative expressions exist: ne … jamais, ne … plus, ne … rien, ne … personne, ne … que (restrictive), ne … aucun(e). In compound tenses, personne and rien can follow the past participle in certain positions, while ne … que places que before the restricted element.

标准否定结构用 ne … pas 包裹变位动词,但还存在许多其他否定表达:ne … jamais, ne … plus, ne … rien, ne … personne, ne … que(限制性),ne … aucun(e)。在复合时态中,personne 和 rien 在某些情况下可跟在过去分词之后,而 ne … que 将 que 置于所限制成分之前。

Understanding the ‘sandwich’ theorem ensures correct placement of the negative particles around the auxiliary or main verb and helps avoid errors in formal writing.

理解“三明治”定理能确保否定词正确放置于助动词或主动词周围,有助于避免正式写作中的错误。


10. Agreement of the Past Participle: The Four Rules | 过去分词配合:四规则

1. With être auxiliary, agree with the subject (elle est allée). 2. With avoir auxiliary, agree with a preceding direct object (les pommes que j’ai mangées). 3. Reflexive verbs: if the reflexive pronoun is the direct object, agree with the subject; if it is indirect, no agreement. 4. No agreement with the impersonal il or with the pronoun en. These four rules cover virtually all cases tested in Pre-U OCR.

1. 以 être 为助动词时,与主语配合(elle est allée)。2. 以 avoir 为助动词时,若有前置直接宾语,则与之配合(les pommes que j’ai mangées)。3. 自反动词:若自反代词为直接宾语,则与主语配合;若为间接宾语,则无配合。4. 无人称 il 或代词 en 作宾语时不配合。这四条规则几乎覆盖了 Pre-U OCR 所考的所有情况。

Mastering these agreement rules is crucial for achieving high marks in the grammar accuracy component of the exam.

掌握这些配合规则对于在考试语法准确性部分获得高分至关重要。


11. Comparative and Superlative: The Degree Formulas | 比较级与最高级:程度的公式

The comparative is formed with plus/moins/aussi + adjective/adverb + que. The superlative uses le/la/les plus/moins + adjective, with the article agreeing with the noun. Irregular forms: bon → meilleur, bien → mieux, mauvais → pire (or plus mauvais). After a superlative, de is used to mean ‘in’ or ‘of’.

比较级由 plus/moins/aussi + 形容词/副词 + que 构成。最高级用 le/la/les plus/moins + 形容词,冠词与名词配合。不规则形式:bon → meilleur,bien → mieux,mauvais → pire(或 plus mauvais)。最高级后,用 de 表示“在……中”或“……的”。

These patterns are highly formulaic and allow for precise expression of degree in both spoken and written tasks.

这些模式具有高度的公式化特征,能够在口语和书面任务中精确表达程度。


12. Si Clauses: The Theorem of Conditions | 条件从句:条件的定理

Three main si-clause patterns: 1. Si + présent → présent/futur/impératif (real condition); 2. Si + imparfait → conditionnel présent (unreal present); 3. Si + plus-que-parfait → conditionnel passé (unreal past). The sequence of tenses is rigid – never use the conditional or the future directly after si (except in indirect speech).

三种主要的 si 从句模式:1. Si + 现在时 → 现在时/将来时/命令式(真实条件);2. Si + 未完成过去时 → 条件式现在时(非真实的现在);3. Si + 愈过去时 → 条件式过去时(非真实的过去)。时态序列非常严格——si 后面绝不能直接使用条件式或将来时(间接引语除外)。

This theorem governs a large proportion of hypothetical and conditional constructions in French, making it indispensable for essay writing and oral debate.

这一定理支配着法语中绝大部分的假设和条件结构,对于写作和口语辩论不可或缺。

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