📚 Pre-U WJEC Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Pre-U WJEC 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook distils the essential grammatical ‘formulas’, conjugation patterns and rule-based structures required for the Pre-U WJEC Spanish examination. Treating syntax and morphology as logical theorems helps you move from memorisation to automatic, accurate production in writing, translation and speaking tasks.
本速查手册提炼了 Pre-U WJEC 西班牙语考试所必需的核心语法“公式”、变位规律和基于规则的句型结构。将这些句法和形态规则视为一个又一个逻辑定理，能帮助你在写作、翻译与口语中实现从死记硬背到自动化精准输出的跨越。
1. Regular Present Tense Conjugation Formula | 规则现在时动词变位公式
To form the present indicative of regular verbs, remove the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) to obtain the stem, then attach the appropriate subject endings. The formula is rigid: stem + ending.
构成规则动词的现在时直陈式，需去掉不定式词尾（-ar, -er, -ir）得出词干，再加上对应主语的词尾。公式固定为：词干 + 词尾。
| Subject | -AR (hablar) | -ER (comer) | -IR (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hablo | como | vivo |
| tú | hablas | comes | vives |
| él/ella/usted | habla | come | vive |
| nosotros/nosotras | hablamos | comemos | vivimos |
| vosotros/vosotras | habláis | coméis | vivís |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablan | comen | viven |
Present indicative = stem + (-o, -as/-es, -a/-e, -amos/-emos/-imos, -áis/-éis, -an/-en)
The nosotros form always carries the stress on the second-to-last syllable for -ar and -er verbs, while -ir nosotros has stress on the ‘i’. The vosotros form receives a written accent in the -áis and -éis endings.
在 -ar 和 -er 动词中，nosotros 形式的重音始终落在倒数第二个音节上；-ir 的 nosotros 重音在’i’上。vosotros 形式在 -áis 和 -éis 词尾上带有书面重音。
2. Stem-Changing and Irregular ‘Yo’ Verbs | 词干变化与不规则“yo”形式动词
Many high-frequency verbs follow a predictable stem change in the present tense. The ‘formula’ is that the vowel in the final syllable of the stem alters in all persons except nosotros and vosotros — these forms keep the original stem vowel.
许多高频动词在现在时中遵循可预测的词干变化。“公式”是词干最后一个音节的元音在所有人称中都发生改变，唯独 nosotros 和 vosotros 保留原词干元音。
- e → ie: pensar → pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan
- o/u → ue: dormir → duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen; jugar → juego
- e → i: pedir → pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
此外，还有一组常见动词拥有不规则的 yo 形式，而其他人称仍维持规则变位。熟记这些 yo 形式即可，因为多数虚拟式和命令式都以其为根基。
Irregular yo ‘g’ verbs: hacer → hago, poner → pongo, salir → salgo, traer → traigo, venir → vengo, tener → tengo
Irregular yo ‘zc’ verbs: conocer → conozco, conducir → conduzco, crecer → crezco, traducir → traduzco
Verbs like ver (veo) and saber (sé) fall outside these patterns and must be memorised as separate ‘theorems’.
像 ver (veo) 和 saber (sé) 这类动词不属于上述模式，须作为独立的“定理”加以记忆。
3. Ser vs Estar: The Fundamental Distinction | Ser 与 Estar：根本区别
The two verbs for ‘to be’ follow a strict logical split. The acronym DOCTOR captures the immutable characteristics governed by ser: Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time, Origin, Relationship. The acronym PLACE covers the changeable states governed by estar: Position, Location, Action (progressive), Condition, Emotion.
两个“是/在”动词遵循严格逻辑分野。首字母缩写 DOCTOR 概括了 ser 管辖的不变属性：描述 (Description)、职业 (Occupation)、特征 (Characteristic)、时间 (Time)、来源 (Origin)、关系 (Relationship)。缩写 PLACE 则概括了 estar 管辖的可变状态：位置 (Position)、地点 (Location)、正在进行的动作 (Action)、状况 (Condition)、情绪 (Emotion)。
| Ser (DOCTOR) | Estar (PLACE) |
|---|---|
| Soy alta. (Description) | Estoy de pie. (Position) |
| Eres médico. (Occupation) | Madrid está en España. (Location) |
| El coche es rojo. (Characteristic) | Estoy leyendo. (Action, progressive) |
| Son las tres. (Time) | La sopa está fría. (Condition) |
| Somos de Perú. (Origin) | Estoy triste. (Emotion) |
| Ella es mi hermana. (Relationship) |
A crucial corollary: adjectives change meaning depending on the verb. Ser aburrido means ‘to be boring’ (characteristic), while estar aburrido means ‘to be bored’ (emotional state).
一个关键推论：形容词意义随动词而变。Ser aburrido 指“令人乏味的”（性格特征），而 estar aburrido 指“感到无聊”（情绪状态）。
4. Preterite vs Imperfect: Usage Rules | 简单过去时与过去未完成时：使用规则
The preterite signals completed, bounded past actions. Think of it as a camera snapshot: the action happened once and finished. The imperfect describes ongoing, habitual or background situations — a video camera that sets the scene.
简单过去时标志已完成、有边界的过去动作，可视为一张快照：动作发生一次并结束。过去未完成时描述持续、习惯性或者背景情况，如同摄像镜头在铺设场景。
Preterite endings: -AR → -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron
-ER/-IR → -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron
For the imperfect, -AR has -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban; -ER/-IR share -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían. There are only three irregular imperfects: ir (iba), ser (era) and ver (veía).
过去未完成时中，-AR 动词词尾为 -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban；-ER/-IR 共用 -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían。不规则的过去未完成时只有三个：ir (iba), ser (era) 和 ver (veía)。
The decision formula asks: Is the action a completed event (preterite) or a description/habit/interrupted action (imperfect)? Phrases like ayer, el otro día often trigger preterite; siempre, mientras, de pequeño trigger imperfect.
时态选择公式问：该动作是已完成事件（简单过去时），还是描述/习惯/被中断的动作（过去未完成时）？ ayer、el otro día 等常触发简单过去时； siempre、 mientras、 de pequeño 等触发过去未完成时。
5. Subjunctive Mood Triggers and Formation | 虚拟式的触发条件与构成
The present subjunctive is formed by taking the yo form of the present indicative, dropping the -o, and adding the opposite vowel endings: -e endings for -AR verbs; -a endings for -ER/-IR verbs.
现在时虚拟式的构成为：取直陈式现在时 yo 形，去掉 -o，加上“相反”元音词尾：-AR 动词加 -e 类词尾，-ER/-IR 动词加 -a 类词尾。
Subjunctive = (yo stem) + (-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en) for -AR
Subjunctive = (yo stem) + (-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an) for -ER/-IR
The subjunctive is triggered in subordinate clauses by verbs of volition, emotion, doubt, denial, or by impersonal expressions and conjunctions. The WEIRDO acronym (Wishes, Emotions, Impersonal expressions, Recommendations, Doubt/Denial, Ojalá) is a classic mnemonic.
虚拟式用于从句中，受意愿、情感、怀疑、否定动词，以及无人称句和特定连词触发。WEIRDO 缩写（Wishes, Emotions, Impersonal expressions, Recommendations, Doubt/Denial, Ojalá）是经典记忆口诀。
In nominal clauses the formula is: Main clause expressing WEIRDO + que + verb in subjunctive. With change of subject, always use subjunctive after expressions like quiero que, es importante que, dudo que. No change of subject often requires the infinitive.
在名词性从句中，公式为：表达 WEIRDO 的主句 + que + 虚拟式动词。主语变换时，在 quiero que、es importante que、dudo que 等结构后必须用虚拟式；如果主语未变，通常使用原形动词。
6. Commands (Imperative) Formation Formulas | 命令式的构成公式
Affirmative tú commands use the él/ella form of the present indicative. Negative tú commands use the tú form of the present subjunctive. This yields a neat formula: tú affirmative = 3rd person singular indicative; tú negative = 2nd person singular subjunctive.
肯定 tú 命令式用直陈式现在时 él/ella 形式。否定 tú 命令式用现在时虚拟式 tú 形。得出清晰公式：tú 肯定 = 第三人称单数直陈式；tú 否定 = 第二人称单数虚拟式。
Affirmative tú: hablar → habla; comer → come; escribir → escribe
Negative tú: hables, comas, escribas
Usted and ustedes commands are taken directly from their respective subjunctive forms. Vosotros affirmative substitutes the final -r of the infinitive with -d; the negative vosotros command uses the vosotros subjunctive.
Usted 和 ustedes 命令式直接取自对应的虚拟式。Vosotros 肯定命令式将不定式末尾的 -r 替换为 -d；否定 vosotros 则使用 vosotros 虚拟式。
Irregular tú affirmatives are few but crucial: decir → di, hacer → haz, ir → ve, poner → pon, salir → sal, ser → sé, tener → ten, venir → ven. These must be memorised as fixed theorems.
不规则的肯定 tú 命令式屈指可数，但极为关键：decir → di, hacer → haz, ir → ve, poner → pon, salir → sal, ser → sé, tener → ten, venir → ven。这些须作为固定定理死记下来。
7. Future and Conditional Conjugation Patterns | 将来时与条件式的变位规律
The future and conditional tenses share a convenient formula: they attach endings directly to the full infinitive. No stem is removed. For the future, the endings are the present indicative of haber: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án. For the conditional, use the imperfect endings of haber: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían.
将来时和条件式共用一个便捷公式：直接把词尾加在整个不定式后面，不去掉词干。将来时词尾是 haber 的直陈式现在时形式：-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án。条件式则用 haber 的过去未完成时词尾：-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían。
Future = infinitive + (-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)
Conditional = infinitive + (-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían)
A handful of high-frequency verbs use irregular stems but keep the same endings: tener → tendr-, venir → vendr-, poner → pondr-, salir → saldr-, haber → habr-, poder → podr-, saber → sabr-, querer → querr-, decir → dir-, hacer → har-.
少数高频动词使用不规则词干，但词尾不变：tener → tendr-、venir → vendr-、poner → pondr-、salir → saldr-、haber → habr-、poder → podr-、saber → sabr-、querer → querr-、decir → dir-、hacer → har-。
8. Compound Tenses with Haber | 复合时态与 Haber 的运用
All perfect tenses are constructed with the auxiliary haber plus a past participle. The past participle of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding -ado for -AR verbs and -ido for -ER/-IR verbs.
所有完成时态均由助动词 haber 加上过去分词构成。规则动词的过去分词通过去掉不定式词尾，-AR 加 -ado、-ER/-IR 加 -ido 构成。
Perfect tense = conjugated haber + past participle (invariable)
Key irregular past participles include: abrir → abierto, decir → dicho, escribir → escrito, hacer → hecho, morir → muerto, poner → puesto, resolver → resuelto, romper → roto, ver → visto, volver → vuelto. These act as fixed components in the compound formula.
常见不规则过去分词有：abrir → abierto, decir → dicho, escribir → escrito, hacer → hecho, morir → muerto, poner → puesto, resolver → resuelto, romper → roto, ver → visto, volver → vuelto。它们在复合时态公式中作为固定组件出现。
The present perfect uses he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + participle; the pluperfect uses the imperfect of haber (había, etc.); the future perfect
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