📚 AQA AS Chemistry Insert 1 Jan 2022: Data Sheet Mastery | AQA AS化学2022年1月数据表掌握指南
The insert provided in AQA AS Chemistry exams is not just a reference sheet – it is a powerful tool that can save time and reduce errors if used correctly. This article explains how to master the key sections of the January 2022 Insert 1, from the periodic table to spectral data.
AQA AS 化学考试中提供的数据表（insert）不只是一份参考表——如果使用得当，它还是能节省时间、减少错误的强大工具。本文讲解如何掌握 2022 年 1 月考试第一份数据表中的关键部分，从元素周期表到光谱数据。
1. What Is Insert 1 in the AQA AS Chemistry Exam? | 什么是AQA AS化学考试中的Insert 1？
In AQA AS Chemistry, the insert is a data sheet supplied with the question paper. For January 2022, Insert 1 contains the periodic table, relative atomic masses, infrared absorption data, and NMR chemical shift data.
在 AQA AS 化学考试中，insert 是随试卷一起提供的数据表。2022 年 1 月的 Insert 1 包括元素周期表、相对原子质量、红外吸收数据和核磁共振化学位移数据。
You are allowed to refer to this data sheet throughout the exam, so there is no need to memorise every value. However, you must know how to locate and apply the information quickly.
考试期间你可以随时查阅这份数据表，因此不需要记住所有数值。但你必须知道如何快速找到并应用这些信息。
2. The Periodic Table: Layout and Element Symbols | 元素周期表：结构与元素符号
The periodic table in the AQA insert lists elements by atomic number in periods and groups. Each cell shows the element symbol and its relative atomic mass, usually to one decimal place.
AQA 数据表中的元素周期表按周期和族、以原子序数排列元素。每个方格中显示了元素符号及其相对原子质量，通常保留一位小数。
Note that the group numbering follows the IUPAC system from 1 to 18, not the old Roman numeral groups. This matters when you describe trends in ionisation energy or reactivity.
注意族编号采用 IUPAC 的 1–18 体系，而不是旧的罗马数字分组。这在描述电离能或反应活性趋势时非常重要。
Keep the insert open to the periodic table during most physical and inorganic questions. You will often need to check the symbol or Aᵣ of an element such as phosphorus (P, 31.0) or sulfur (S, 32.1).
在大多数物理和无机题中，保持数据表打开到周期表页。你经常需要查看元素的符号或相对原子质量，例如磷（P，31.0）或硫（S，32.1）。
3. Relative Atomic Masses and Molar Calculations | 相对原子质量与摩尔计算
Use the Aᵣ values printed on the periodic table for mole calculations. For example, copper has Aᵣ = 63.5, chlorine = 35.5, and oxygen = 16.0.
在摩尔计算中使用周期表上印出的相对原子质量（Aᵣ）数值。例如，铜的 Aᵣ = 63.5，氯的 Aᵣ = 35.5，氧的 Aᵣ = 16.0。
Always quote Aᵣ to the same precision as the data sheet unless the question instructs otherwise. This avoids rounding errors in multi-step calculations.
除非题目另有说明，否则始终按照数据表的精度引用 Aᵣ，这样可避免多步计算中的舍入误差。
n = m ÷ M
In this formula, n is the amount in moles, m is the mass in grams, and M is the molar mass in g mol⁻¹. The molar mass is calculated by adding the Aᵣ values of all atoms in the formula.
此公式中，n 是摩尔数，m 是质量（克），M 是摩尔质量（g mol⁻¹）。摩尔质量由化学式中所有原子的 Aᵣ 数值相加得出。
4. Using the Periodic Table for Trends and Bonding | 利用周期表分析趋势与成键
The data sheet helps you compare atomic radii, electronegativity, and first ionisation energy trends across periods and down groups. Even though the insert does not print these trend values, the positions of elements tell you the expected direction of change.
数据表可帮助你比较原子半径、电负性和第一电离能跨周期和同族的变化趋势。虽然数据表中没有印出这些趋势的数值，但元素的位置能告诉你预期的变化方向。
For example, across Period 3 from sodium to chlorine, first ionisation energy generally increases because nuclear charge increases while shielding stays similar.
例如，在第三周期从钠到氯，第一电离能总体上升，因为核电荷增加而屏蔽效应基本不变。
Down Group 2 from magnesium to barium, atomic radius increases and first ionisation energy decreases due to added electron shells.
沿第 2 族从镁到钡，原子半径增大，第一电离能降低，因为电子层数增加。
5. Infrared Absorption Table: Key Ranges | 红外吸收表：关键范围
Although AS Paper 1 focuses on inorganic and physical chemistry, the insert also includes infrared absorption data. The main ranges to recognise are O–H at 3230–3550 cm⁻¹, C=O at 1680–1750 cm⁻¹, and C–H at 2850–3300 cm⁻¹.
虽然 AS 第一张试卷主要考无机和物理化学，但数据表中也包含红外吸收数据。需要识别的主要范围是 O–H 在 3230–3550 cm⁻¹、C=O 在 1680–1750 cm⁻¹、C–H 在 2850–3300 cm⁻¹。
In AS Paper 2 organic questions, you will use these wavenumbers to identify functional groups such as alcohols, carbonyls, and alkenes.
在 AS 第二张卷的有机题中，你将用这些波数来识别醇、羰基和烯烃等官能团。
| Bond | Wavenumber range / cm⁻¹ |
| C–H | 2850–3300 |
| O–H (alcohols) | 3230–3550 |
| C=O | 1680–1750 |
| C=C | 1620–1680 |
Do not try to memorise exact boundaries; the exam will accept values within the printed ranges if you refer to the data sheet carefully.
不要试图记住精确的边界值；如果你仔细查阅数据表，考试会接受印刷范围内的数值。
6. Proton NMR Chemical Shifts | 质子NMR化学位移
The ¹H NMR table gives chemical shift ranges for protons in different environments. For example, RCH₃ protons appear at δ 0.7–1.2, and CH₃CO– protons at δ 2.1–2.6.
¹H NMR 表给出了不同环境中质子的化学位移范围。例如，RCH₃ 的质子出现在 δ 0.7–1.2，CH₃CO– 的质子出现在 δ 2.1–2.6。
Use the data sheet to match peak positions with possible proton environments, but remember that integration and splitting patterns are not provided in the insert.
使用数据表将峰位置与可能的质子环境匹配，但要记住数据表不提供积分和裂分模式。
| Type of proton | δ range / ppm |
| RCH₃ | 0.7–1.2 |
| R₂CH₂ | 1.2–1.4 |
| CH₃CO– | 2.1–2.6 |
| –OH | 0.5–5.0 |
When interpreting a spectrum, first list the possible environments for each peak, then use splitting and integration from the spectrum itself to choose the correct structure.
解析谱图时，先列出每个峰可能对应的环境，然后利用谱图中的裂分和积分来选择正确结构。
7. Carbon-13 NMR Chemical Shifts | 碳-13 NMR化学位移
The ¹³C NMR section lists chemical shift ranges for carbon atoms. Typical ranges are RCH₃ 5–40 ppm, C=C 115–140 ppm, and C=O 190–220 ppm.
¹³C NMR 部分列出了碳原子的化学位移范围。典型范围是 RCH₃ 5–40 ppm、C=C 115–140 ppm、C=O 190–220 ppm。
In AQA AS, ¹³C NMR questions often ask you to count the number of non-equivalent carbon environments, so use the data sheet alongside the molecular structure.
在 AQA AS 中，¹³C NMR 题常要求你数出不等价碳环境的数目，因此要结合分子结构使用数据表。
Remember that symmetrical molecules have fewer carbon environments than the total number of carbon atoms. For example, butane has two carbon environments even though it has four carbon atoms.
记住对称分子的碳环境数少于总碳原子数。例如，丁烷有 4 个碳原子，但只有两种碳环境。
8. How to Use the Insert Under Time Pressure | 如何在时间压力下使用数据表
Do not read the entire insert at the start of the exam. Instead, answer the question first and refer to the data sheet only when a specific value or spectral range is needed.
考试开始时不要从头到尾阅读整个数据表。相反，先回答问题，只在需要具体数值或光谱范围时才查阅数据表。
Keep the insert open on the periodic table for most physical and inorganic questions, and flip to spectral tables only for organic questions. This habit saves several minutes overall.
对于大多数物理和无机题，保持数据表打开在周期表页；只有在有机题时才翻到光谱表。这个习惯总体能节省几分钟。
If a question asks for a calculation, write down the relevant Aᵣ values from the insert before you start, so you do not lose track mid-calculation.
如果题目要求计算，先写下从数据表中查到的相关 Aᵣ 数值，这样在计算途中不会混乱。
9. Common Pitfalls with the Insert | 使用数据表时的常见错误
A common mistake is using the atomic number as the mass number. The smaller top number in each cell is the atomic number, and the larger bottom number is the relative atomic mass.
一个常见错误是把原子序数当作质量数。每个方格中较小的上方数字是原子序数，较大的下方数字是相对原子质量。
Another error is copying wavenumbers or shifts without units, which loses marks in structured questions. Always write cm⁻¹ for infrared data and ppm for NMR shifts.
另一个错误是抄写波数或化学位移时不带单位，这会在结构化问题中失分。红外数据始终写 cm⁻¹，NMR 位移始终写 ppm。
Do not round Aᵣ values until the final answer. If you use 16 instead of 16.0 for oxygen throughout a long calculation, the final result may fall outside the allowed tolerance.
在最终答案之前不要对 Aᵣ 数值进行舍入。如果在整个长计算中氧用 16 而不是 16.0，最终结果可能超出允许误差。
10. Worked Example: Moles from Mass | 实例：由质量计算摩尔数
Calculate the amount in moles of 2.50 g of magnesium carbonate, MgCO₃, using the AQA insert. The relative atomic masses are Mg = 24.3, C = 12.0, O = 16.0.
使用 AQA 数据表计算 2.50 克碳酸镁 MgCO₃ 的摩尔量。各相对原子质量为 Mg = 24.3、C = 12.0、O = 16.0。
First find the molar mass of MgCO₃:
首先计算 MgCO₃ 的摩尔质量：
M(MgCO₃) = 24.3 + 12.0 + (3 × 16.0) = 84.3 g mol⁻¹
Then apply the mole equation:
然后应用摩尔公式：
n = m ÷ M = 2.50 g ÷ 84.3 g mol⁻¹ = 0.0297 mol
Always check that the units cancel correctly: grams divide by grams per mole to leave moles.
始终检查单位是否约去正确：克除以克每摩尔得到摩尔。
11. Final Exam Tips for Using the Insert | 使用数据表的最终考试建议
Practise past papers with the same data sheet so you know exactly where each table is located. Familiarity will reduce stress and save valuable minutes.
用同一份数据表练习历年试题，这样你能准确知道每张表的位置。熟悉度会减轻压力并
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