📚 KS3 CIE Year 7 Earth Scheme of Work | KS3 CIE 七年级地球科学教学计划
This scheme of work guides Year 7 learners through the Cambridge Lower Secondary Science Earth topic. It builds a clear picture of our planet’s structure, the rocks that form its crust, the forces that shape the land, and the air-water systems that make Earth habitable. Students learn to observe, classify, model and explain natural processes using accurate scientific language.
本教学计划带领七年级学生学习剑桥初中科学阶段 7 的地球主题。它帮助学生建立对地球内部结构、形成地壳的岩石、塑造地貌的力量以及维持生命的空气-水系统的清晰认识。学生将学会使用准确科学语言进行观察、分类、建模和解释自然过程。
1. Overview and Learning Objectives | 单元概览与学习目标
The CIE Year 7 Earth unit is a foundation topic that connects geology, weather and resource use. Pupils should understand that Earth is a dynamic system in which solid rocks, liquid water and gases constantly interact. The main objectives are to describe Earth’s layers, compare rock groups, explain the rock cycle, and link the water cycle to weather.
CIE 七年级地球单元是一个将地质、天气和资源利用联系起来的基础主题。学生应理解地球是一个由固体岩石、液态水和气体不断相互作用的动态系统。主要目标是描述地球圈层、比较岩石类别、解释岩石循环，并将水循环与天气联系起来。
Lessons should include practical work such as observing rock specimens, drawing labelled cross-sections of Earth, modelling rock layers with sand or clay, and simulating water-cycle processes in a sealed container. These activities help learners develop scientific enquiry skills as well as content knowledge.
课程应包括实践活动，如观察岩石标本、绘制地球剖面标注图、用沙或黏土模拟岩层，以及在密封容器中模拟水循环过程。这些活动有助于学生在掌握知识的同时发展科学探究能力。
2. The Structure of the Earth | 地球的内部结构
The Earth is made of four main layers: the thin, rocky crust; the thick, mostly solid mantle; the liquid outer core; and the solid inner core. The crust is thinnest under the oceans and thickest beneath mountain ranges, ranging from about 5 km to 70 km in thickness.
地球由四个主要圈层组成：薄薄的岩石地壳、厚重且大部分为固态的地幔、液态的外核和固态的内核。地壳在大洋下方最薄，在山脉下方最厚，厚度约为 5 千米至 70 千米。
Temperature and pressure increase with depth. The inner core reaches about 5,400 °C, yet it remains solid because the immense pressure from overlying layers keeps the iron and nickel atoms tightly packed. The outer core is liquid and its movement generates Earth’s magnetic field.
温度和压力随深度增加而升高。内核温度约为 5,400 °C，但由于上覆岩层的巨大压力使铁和镍原子紧密堆积，内核仍保持固态。外核呈液态，其运动产生地球磁场。
3. Tectonic Plates and Continental Drift | 构造板块与大陆漂移
The crust and the upper part of the mantle form a rigid shell called the lithosphere. This shell is broken into large pieces known as tectonic plates. These plates float on the softer, slowly flowing mantle beneath them, carrying continents and ocean floors with them.
地壳和上地幔形成一个坚硬的圈层，称为岩石圈。这个圈层分裂成巨大的板块。这些板块漂浮在下方较软、缓慢流动的地幔上，带动大陆和洋底一起移动。
At plate boundaries, plates move apart, collide, or slide past one another. These movements cause most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Mantle convection currents, driven by heat from Earth’s core, provide the force that moves the plates over geological time.
在板块边界，板块会分离、碰撞或相互滑动。这些运动引发了大多数地震和火山喷发。由地核热量驱动的地幔对流为板块的地质时间尺度运动提供了动力。
4. Minerals and Rock Types | 矿物与岩石类型
Rocks are natural solids made of one or more minerals. Geologists classify rocks into three major groups according to how they form: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Each group has distinct textures, mineral compositions and formation conditions.
岩石是由一种或多种矿物组成的天然固体。地质学家根据岩石的形成方式将其划分为三大类：火成岩、沉积岩和变质岩。每一类都有独特的结构、矿物组成和形成条件。
Igneous rock forms when molten magma or lava cools and solidifies. Granite cools slowly underground and has large crystals, while basalt cools quickly at the surface and has small crystals. Sedimentary rock forms from compacted and cemented sediments, often in layers, such as sandstone and limestone. Metamorphic rock forms when existing rock is changed by heat and pressure, for example marble from limestone or slate from mudstone.
火成岩由熔融的岩浆或熔岩冷却凝固形成。花岗岩在地下缓慢冷却，晶体较大；玄武岩在地表快速冷却，晶体较小。沉积岩由被压实和胶结的沉积物形成，通常呈层状，如砂岩和石灰岩。变质岩由原有岩石在热和压力作用下发生变化而形成，例如大理石由石灰岩变质而来，板岩由泥岩变质而来。
5. The Rock Cycle | 岩石循环
The rock cycle is a continuous process that changes rocks from one type into another over millions of years. Magma cools and crystallises to form igneous rock. Weathering and erosion break down rock into sediment, which is then buried, compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rock. Heat and pressure deep underground change rocks into metamorphic rock. If rocks are pushed deeper or heated further, they may melt and return to magma.
岩石循环是一个持续的过程，在数百万年间将一种岩石转变为另一种岩石。岩浆冷却结晶形成火成岩。风化和侵蚀将岩石破碎成沉积物，随后沉积物被埋藏、压实并胶结成沉积岩。地下的热和压力将岩石转变为变质岩。如果岩石被推到更深或进一步受热，它们可能熔化并重新变为岩浆。
The cycle has no fixed starting point or direction. Any rock type can be weathered, melted, or metamorphosed depending on conditions. This means a piece of ancient granite can eventually become sandstone, then quartzite, and even return to magma.
这个循环没有固定的起点或方向。任何岩石类型都可能根据条件经历风化、熔化或变质。这意味着一块古老的花岗岩最终可能变成砂岩，然后变成石英岩，甚至重新回到岩浆状态。
6. Weathering, Erosion and Transportation | 风化、侵蚀与搬运
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks in place without movement. Physical weathering includes freeze-thaw action, where water enters cracks, freezes and expands, forcing rocks apart. Chemical weathering occurs when rainwater, slightly acidic from dissolved CO₂, reacts with minerals, such as dissolving limestone.
风化是指岩石在原地被破坏而不发生移动。物理风化包括冻融作用，水进入裂缝后结冰膨胀，将岩石撑开。化学风化发生在雨水因溶解 CO₂ 而略带酸性时，与矿物发生反应，例如溶解石灰岩。
Erosion is the removal and transport of weathered rock material by moving water, wind, ice or gravity. Transportation carries sediment downstream or downwind until it is deposited, often in rivers, lakes, deltas and ocean beds. These processes work together to shape valleys, cliffs, beaches and soil-covered plains.
侵蚀是流动的水、风、冰或重力对风化岩石物质的带走和搬运。搬运将沉积物带到下游或下风向，直到在河流、湖泊、三角洲和海底沉积下来。这些过程共同塑造了山谷、悬崖、海滩和被土壤覆盖的平原。
7. Fossils and Geological Time | 化石与地质时间
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms, usually found in sedimentary rocks. They form when organisms are quickly buried by sediment, and their hard parts are gradually replaced by minerals. Trace fossils include footprints, burrows and coprolites.
化石是古代生物的遗骸或痕迹被保存下来，通常发现于沉积岩中。生物被沉积物快速掩埋后，其坚硬部分逐渐被矿物取代而形成化石。痕迹化石包括足迹、洞穴和粪化石。
The principle of superposition states that in undisturbed sedimentary layers, the oldest rocks lie at the bottom and the youngest at the top. Fossils help geologists date rock layers and reconstruct past environments, such as ancient seas, forests or deserts.
叠置原理指出，在未受扰动的沉积岩层中，最古老的岩石位于底部，最年轻的位于顶部。化石帮助地质学家确定岩层年代并重建过去的环境，例如古代海洋、森林或沙漠。
8. Soil Formation and Profiles | 土壤形成与土壤剖面
Soil is a mixture of weathered rock particles, decomposed organic matter, water and air. It forms slowly from parent rock through weathering and the action of living organisms. Roots, worms and microbes mix minerals with humus, making soil fertile for plant growth.
土壤是风化岩石颗粒、分解的有机质、水和空气的混合物。它通过风化和生物作用从母岩缓慢形成。植物根系、蠕虫和微生物将矿物与腐殖质混合，使土壤肥沃，适合植物生长。
A typical soil profile has distinct horizons. The O horizon is surface leaf litter; the A horizon is dark topsoil rich in humus; the B horizon is subsoil where minerals and clay accumulate; the C horizon is slightly weathered parent rock. Below the C horizon lies unweathered bedrock.
典型的土壤剖面具有明显的层次。O 层是地表的枯枝落叶层；A 层是富含腐殖质的深色表土层；B 层是矿物质和黏土聚集的底土层；C 层是轻微风化的母岩层。C 层以下为未风化的基岩。
9. The Atmosphere and Weather | 大气层与天气
The atmosphere is a thin envelope of gases held around Earth by gravity. Its composition is approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon with trace amounts of carbon dioxide, water vapour and other gases. This mixture is essential for respiration, photosynthesis and protection from harmful solar radiation.
大气层是由重力吸引而环绕地球的一层薄薄的气体。其成分约为 78% 的氮气、21% 的氧气和 1% 的氩气，还有微量的二氧化碳、水蒸气和其他气体。这种混合气体对呼吸、光合作用以及保护地球免受有害太阳辐射至关重要。
The atmosphere is divided into layers based on temperature changes. The troposphere is the lowest layer, where clouds and weather occur. Above it lies the stratosphere, which contains the ozone layer that absorbs ultraviolet light. Higher still are the mesosphere and thermosphere.
大气层根据温度变化分为若干层。对流层是最低层，云和天气都发生在这一层。其上为平流层，包含吸收紫外线的臭氧层。更高处还有中间层和热层。
10. The Water Cycle | 水循环
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water among the atmosphere, land and oceans. The main processes are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration and runoff. Solar energy drives most of this cycle by warming oceans, lakes and rivers.
水循环描述了水在大气、陆地和海洋之间的持续运动。主要过程包括蒸发、蒸腾、凝结、降水、下渗和径流。太阳能通过加热海洋、湖泊和河流驱动了大部分循环过程。
During evaporation, liquid water changes into water vapour and rises into the atmosphere. As the vapour cools, it condenses around tiny particles to form clouds. When cloud droplets become large enough, they fall as precipitation in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail. Some water soaks into the ground as groundwater, while the rest flows over the surface as runoff back to rivers and oceans.
在蒸发过程中，液态水变成水蒸气并上升到大气中。水蒸气冷却后围绕微小颗粒凝结形成云。当云滴变得足够大时，会以雨、雪、雨夹雪或冰雹的形式降落。一部分水渗入地下成为地下水，其余则作为径流沿地表流回河流和海洋。
11. Earth’s Resources and Sustainability | 地球资源与可持续性
Earth provides essential resources such as fossil fuels, metallic ores, building materials, fresh water, fertile soil and biodiversity. Some resources are renewable, such as solar energy, wind and timber, because they can be replaced at a similar rate to their use. Non-renewable resources, such as coal, oil and natural gas, take millions of years to form and cannot be quickly replaced.
地球提供了重要的资源，如化石燃料、金属矿石、建筑材料、淡水、肥沃土壤和生物多样性。有些资源是可再生的，如太阳能、风能和木材，因为它们可以以接近使用速度得到补充。不可再生资源，如煤、石油和天然气，需要数百万年才能形成，无法快速补充。
Sustainability means using resources in ways that meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Conservation strategies include reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling metals and paper, using energy-efficient technologies, and protecting habitats from pollution and over-extraction.
可持续性意味着以既满足当前需求又不损害后代满足自身需求能力的方式使用资源。保护策略包括减少浪费、重复使用材料、回收金属和纸张、使用节能技术，以及保护栖息地免受污染和过度开采。
12. Key Vocabulary and Exam Tips | 核心词汇与备考技巧
Core vocabulary for this unit includes crust, mantle, outer core, inner core, tectonic plate, magma, lava, igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, rock cycle, weathering, erosion, transportation, fossil, superposition, soil profile, humus, atmosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, renewable, non-renewable and sustainability.
本单元的核心词汇包括地壳、地幔、外核、内核、构造板块、岩浆、熔岩、火成岩、沉积岩、变质岩、岩石循环、风化、侵蚀、搬运、化石、叠置、土壤剖面、腐殖质、大气层、对流层、平流层、蒸发、凝结、降水、下渗、径流、可再生、不可再生和可持续性。
In CIE-style questions, always use scientific vocabulary accurately and spell key terms correctly. Label diagrams neatly with straight lines and clear arrows. When explaining processes, use sequencing words such as ‘first’, ‘then’, ‘therefore’ and ‘this causes’. For example, a full rock-cycle answer might say: ‘Magma cools to form igneous rock; weathering breaks this rock into sediment; pressure cements the sediment into sedimentary rock.’ Show understanding by linking processes rather than only listing definitions.
在 CIE 风格的题目中，始终准确使用科学词汇并正确拼写关键词。用直线和清晰箭头整齐地标注图表。解释过程时，使用 ‘首先’、’然后’、’因此’ 和 ‘这导致’ 等顺序词。例如，一个完整的岩石循环答案可以这样说：’岩浆冷却形成火成岩；风化将这种岩石破碎为沉积物；压力将沉积物胶结成沉积岩。’ 展示理解时要把过程联系起来，而不是仅仅列出定义。
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