IGCSE CAIE Engineering: Core Knowledge Checklist | IGCSE CAIE 工程：核心知识点梳理

📚 IGCSE CAIE Engineering: Core Knowledge Checklist | IGCSE CAIE 工程：核心知识点梳理

This revision guide summarises the core knowledge areas for Cambridge IGCSE Engineering. It covers the design process, materials, mechanical principles, electronics, manufacturing, safety and sustainability, helping you move from remembering facts to applying them in exam questions.

本复习指南总结剑桥 IGCSE 工程的核心知识领域，涵盖设计流程、材料、机械原理、电子、制造工艺、安全与可持续性，帮助你在考试中从单纯记忆事实提升到实际应用。

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1. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程

Engineering always starts with a real need or problem. You should be able to define the problem clearly, identify the target user and recognise the main constraints before proposing any solution.

工程总是从真实的需求或问题开始。你应当能够清楚地定义问题，识别目标用户，并在提出任何方案之前明确主要约束条件。

A design specification turns needs into measurable criteria such as size, weight, cost, performance and safety. These criteria are later used to evaluate whether the design is successful.

设计规格将需求转化为可测量的标准，例如尺寸、重量、成本、性能和安全性。这些标准之后用于评价设计是否成功。

The design process is cyclic, not a single straight line. Typical stages are research, generating ideas, developing a chosen solution, modelling, testing, evaluating and communicating improvements.

设计过程是循环的，而不是一条直线。典型阶段包括调研、产生想法、深化选定方案、建模、测试、评估和交流改进建议。

Evaluation must compare test results with the original specification. If the solution does not meet the criteria, you return to an earlier stage and improve the design.

评估必须将测试结果与原始设计规格进行比较。如果方案不符合标准，就要返回前面的阶段并改进设计。

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2. Engineering Materials and Properties | 工程材料与性能

Common material groups tested in IGCSE Engineering include ferrous metals such as mild steel, non-ferrous metals such as aluminium, polymers such as acrylic, ceramics, composites and timber.

IGCSE 工程中常见的材料类别包括低碳钢等黑色金属、铝等有色金属、亚克力等聚合物、陶瓷、复合材料和木材。

Key properties include strength, hardness, toughness, ductility, elasticity, density, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. The most suitable material depends on both the working environment and the manufacturing method.

关键性能包括强度、硬度、韧性、延展性、弹性、密度、导热性和导电性。最合适的材料取决于工作环境和制造方法。

Material	Typical use	Key property
Mild steel	Car bodies, frames	Tough and ductile
Aluminium	Aircraft skins, cans	Low density, corrosion resistant
Acrylic	Display covers, signs	Transparent, easy to shape

You should also link material choice to practical issues such as cost, availability, recyclability and ease of processing, not just to a single property.

你还应把材料选择与实际因素联系起来，如成本、可获得性、可回收性和加工难易程度，而不仅仅是单一性能。

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3. Mechanical Properties and Testing | 力学性能与测试

Tensile testing measures how a material behaves when pulled. A standard specimen is stretched until it breaks, giving values such as ultimate tensile strength and percentage elongation.

拉伸测试测量材料在拉力作用下的行为。标准试样被拉伸直至断裂，得到极限抗拉强度和断后伸长率等数值。

Hardness tests, such as the Brinell, Vickers or Rockwell test, measure resistance to indentation. Toughness is the ability to absorb energy without fracturing, often measured by an impact test.

硬度测试，如布氏、维氏或洛氏硬度测试，测量材料抵抗压痕的能力。韧性是材料在断裂前吸收能量的能力，通常通过冲击测试测量。

Stress = Force ÷ Cross-sectional area

Strain = Extension ÷ Original length

Use these definitions to explain experimental results, such as why a longer extension at failure indicates a more ductile material, rather than just to substitute numbers into a formula.

用这些定义来解释实验结果，例如为什么断裂时伸长量较大表明材料更具延展性，而不仅仅是把数字代入公式。

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4. Forces, Moments and Equilibrium | 力、力矩与平衡

A moment is the turning effect of a force. It depends on both the size of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot.

力矩是力的转动效应。它取决于力的大小以及力到支点的垂直距离。

Moment = F × d

For an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments. This principle is used to analyse levers, beams, bridges and other simple structures.

对于处于平衡状态的物体，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。这一原理用于分析杠杆、梁、桥梁和其他简单结构。

Always draw a free body diagram first, showing all forces, pivot points and distances. Then take moments about a suitable point to find an unknown force or reaction.

始终先画出受力图，标出所有力、支点和距离。然后对合适的点取矩，求出未知力或反作用力。

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5. Mechanisms and Motion | 机械装置与运动

Mechanisms are used to change the size, direction or type of motion and force. Levers, pulleys, gears, cams, cranks and linkages are common mechanisms in machines.

机械装置用于改变运动和力的大小、方向或类型。杠杆、滑轮、齿轮、凸轮、曲柄和连杆机构是机器中常见的机械装置。

Mechanical advantage compares the load with the effort. Velocity ratio compares the distance moved by the effort with the distance moved by the load.

机械效益用于比较负载与作用力。速比用于比较作用力移动的距离与负载移动的距离。

Mechanical advantage = Load ÷ Effort

Velocity ratio = Distance moved by effort ÷ Distance moved by load

Efficiency = (Mechanical advantage ÷ Velocity ratio) × 100%

For gears, the velocity ratio can be found from the number of teeth. A small gear driving a larger gear increases torque but reduces speed.

对于齿轮，速比可由齿数求得。小齿轮带动大齿轮会增加扭矩，但降低转速。

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6. Energy, Power and Work | 能量、功率与功

Work is done when a force moves its point of application in the direction of the force. Work and energy are both measured in joules.

当力使其作用点沿力的方向移动时，就做了功。功和能量的单位都是焦耳。

Work done = Force × Distance moved in direction of force

Gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy are the two main energy stores used in mechanical and structural problems at this level.

重力势能和动能是本阶段机械与结构问题中两种主要的能量形式。

Gravitational potential energy = m × g × h

Kinetic energy = ½ × m × v²

Power is the rate of doing work. Efficiency is useful output energy divided by total input energy, usually shown as a percentage.

功率是做功的速率。效率为有用输出能量除以总输入能量，通常以百分数表示。

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