📚 IGCSE CAIE Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memory Guide | IGCSE CAIE 工程：词汇术语速记指南
In IGCSE CAIE Engineering, subject-specific vocabulary is not just about memorising definitions. It determines how accurately you read exam questions, label diagrams, justify material choices and describe manufacturing processes. This guide groups the most frequently examined terms into ten themed sections, gives a one-line memory hook in both English and Chinese, and ends with a self-check table.
在 IGCSE CAIE 工程中，学科词汇不只是背定义，它直接决定你能否准确读题、标注图样、解释材料选择并描述制造工艺。本指南把最高频考点术语分为十个主题，每个术语提供中英文一句话记忆线索，并在最后给出自测表。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Materials questions often ask you to link a property to a use. Learn the terms as opposite pairs such as hard/soft, tough/brittle, ductile/malleable and conductor/insulator, because comparing two materials is a very common exam task.
材料题常要求你把性能与用途联系起来。把术语当反义对来记，例如硬/软、韧/脆、延展/可锻、导体/绝缘体，因为对比两种材料是常见考题。
| Tensile strength | Resistance to being pulled apart. 抗拉强度：抵抗被拉断的能力。 |
| Compressive strength | Resistance to being crushed. 抗压强度：抵抗被压碎的能力。 |
| Hardness | Resistance to indentation or scratching. 硬度：抵抗压入或刮擦的能力。 |
| Toughness | Absorbs energy before fracture. 韧性：断裂前吸收能量的能力。 |
| Brittleness | Breaks with little plastic deformation. 脆性：几乎不变形就断裂。 |
| Ductility | Can be drawn into wire. 延展性：可拉成丝。 |
| Malleability | Can be hammered or rolled into sheet. 可锻性：可锤打成片。 |
| Elasticity | Returns to original shape after load removal. 弹性：卸载后恢复原状。 |
| Plasticity | Keeps a new shape after deformation. 塑性：变形后保持新形状。 |
| Density | Mass per unit volume. 密度：单位体积的质量。 |
| Thermal conductivity | Lets heat flow easily. 导热性：容易让热流动。 |
| Electrical conductivity | Lets electric current flow easily. 导电性：容易让电流流动。 |
| Corrosion resistance | Resists chemical attack from the environment. 耐腐蚀性：抵抗环境化学侵蚀。 |
2. Forces, Stress and Strain | 力、应力与应变
Use the chain “force causes stress, stress causes strain” as your memory anchor. Stress is internal and invisible; strain is the visible change in shape or length.
用“力产生应力，应力产生应变”这条链作为记忆锚点。应力是内部的、看不见的；应变是形状或长度的可见变化。
Stress = Force ÷ Cross-sectional Area
应力 = 力 ÷ 截面积。单位是 N/m² 或 Pa。
Strain = Extension ÷ Original Length
应变 = 伸长量 ÷ 原始长度。应变没有单位。
Young modulus = Stress ÷ Strain
杨氏模量 = 应力 ÷ 应变。它表示材料的刚度。
| Force | A push or pull; unit is the newton, N. 力：推或拉，单位是牛顿 N。 |
| Weight | Mass × gravitational field strength. 重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度。 |
| Elastic limit | The point beyond which a material no longer returns to its original shape. 弹性极限：超过后材料不再恢复原状。 |
| Yield point | The stress at which permanent deformation begins. 屈服点：永久变形开始时的应力。 |
| Ultimate tensile strength | The maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking. 极限抗拉强度：材料断裂前能承受的最大应力。 |
| Factor of safety | Ultimate tensile strength ÷ working stress. 安全系数 = 极限抗拉强度 ÷ 工作应力。 |
| Hooke’s law | Extension is proportional to force within the elastic limit. 胡克定律：弹性极限内伸长量与力成正比。 |
3. Motion, Energy and Power | 运动、能量与功率
In CAIE Engineering, energy and power calculations frequently appear alongside mechanisms and machines. Keep the word “rate” in your mind: power is the rate of doing work, and velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
在 CAIE 工程中，能量与功率计算常与机构和机器一起出现。记住“率”这个字：功率是做功的速率，速度是位移变化的速率。
Work = Force × Distance
功 = 力 × 距离。单位是焦耳 J。
Power = Work ÷ Time
功率 = 功 ÷ 时间。单位是瓦特 W。
Kinetic energy = ½ × mass × velocity²
动能 = ½ × 质量 × 速度²。
Potential energy = mass × gravitational field strength × height
势能 = 质量 × 重力场强度 × 高度。
Efficiency = Useful energy output ÷ Total energy input × 100%
效率 = 有用能量输出 ÷ 总能量输入 × 100%。
| Velocity | Displacement per unit time. 速度：单位时间的位移。 |
| Acceleration | Change in velocity per unit time. 加速度：单位时间的速度变化。 |
| Friction | A force resisting sliding motion. 摩擦力：阻碍滑动的力。 |
| Torque | Turning effect of a force on a rotating part. 扭矩：力对旋转部件产生的转动效应。 |
| Mechanical advantage | Load ÷ effort. 机械效益 = 负载 ÷ 施力。 |
| Velocity ratio | Distance moved by effort ÷ distance moved by load. 速比 = 施力移动距离 ÷ 负载移动距离。 |
4. Electronics and Electrical Terms | 电子与电气术语
Electronics vocabulary becomes easier once you notice that many units are named after scientists: volt, ampere, ohm and watt. Use Ohm’s law as a triangle so voltage, current and resistance can be rearranged quickly.
当你注意到许多单位以科学家命名时，电子词汇会更容易：伏特、安培、欧姆、瓦特。把欧姆定律当作三角形，电压、电流和电阻的关系就能快速变换。
V = I × R
电压 = 电流 × 电阻。V 是伏特，I 是安培，R 是欧姆。
Power: P = V × I
功率 = 电压 × 电流。单位是瓦特 W。
Charge: Q = I × t
电荷量 = 电流 × 时间。单位是库仑 C。
| Voltage, V | Electrical pressure that pushes current round a circuit. 电压：推动电流流动的电压力。 |
| Current, I | Rate of flow of electric charge. 电流：电荷流动的速率。 |
| Resistance, R | Materials opposition to current. 电阻：材料对电流的阻碍作用。 |
| Series circuit | One loop; current is the same everywhere. 串联电路：单一回路，电流处处相同。 |
| Parallel circuit | More than one branch; voltage is the same across branches. 并联电路：多条支路，支路电压相同。 |
| Diode | Lets current flow in one direction only. 二极管：只允许电流单向流动。 |
| LED | Light-emitting diode; converts electrical energy to light. 发光二极管：把电能转化为光。 |
| Thermistor | Resistance changes with temperature. 热敏电阻：电阻随温度变化。 |
| LDR | Light-dependent resistor; resistance falls when light intensity rises. 光敏电阻：光照增强时电阻下降。 |
| Capacitor | Stores charge and releases it later. 电容器：储存电荷并在之后释放。 |
5. Mechanisms and Mechanical Components | 机构与机械零件
Mechanism questions often involve identifying a component and stating its function in a system. Think of mechanisms as motion changers: they change the type, direction, speed or size of a force or movement.
机构题通常要求识别零件并说明它在系统中的功能。把机构视为运动变换器：它们改变力或运动的类型、方向、速度或大小。
| Lever | A rigid bar rotating about a fulcrum. 杠杆：绕支点转动的刚性杆。 |
| Fulcrum | The pivot point of a lever. 支点：杠杆的转动点。 |
| Gear | Toothed wheel that transmits torque. 齿轮：传递扭矩的带齿轮。 |
| Pinion | The smaller gear in a gear pair. 小齿轮：齿轮副中较小的齿轮。 |
| Rack and pinion | Converts rotary motion into linear motion. 齿轮齿条：把旋转运动变为直线运动。 |
| Pulley | Wheel and belt used to change speed or direction. 带轮：用轮和带改变速度或方向。 |
| Cam and follower | Cam rotates to control follower movement. 凸轮与从动件：凸轮转动控制从动件运动。 |
| Crank and slider | Converts rotary motion to reciprocating motion. 曲柄滑块：把旋转运动变为往复运动。 |
| Bearing | Supports a rotating shaft and reduces friction. 轴承：支撑旋转轴并减少摩擦。 |
| Clutch | Engages or disengages power transmission. 离合器：接通或断开动力传递。 |
6. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Manufacturing terms are easiest to remember if you group them by what they do: casting shapes molten material, forming changes shape without removing material, machining removes material, and joining connects parts together.
制造术语按作用分组最好记：铸造使熔融材料成形，成形在不去除材料的情况下改变形状，机加工去除材料，连接把零件接合起来。
| Casting | Pouring molten metal into a mould and letting it solidify. 铸造：把熔融金属浇入模具并冷却凝固。 |
| Mould | Hollow shape that gives the product its form. 模具：赋予产品形状的空腔。 |
| Die | A specialised tool used to cut or shape material. 模具/冲模：用于切割或成形材料的专用工具。 |
| Forging | Shaping hot metal by hammering or pressing. 锻造：通过锤击或压制使热金属成形。 |
| Rolling | Passing material between rollers to reduce thickness. 轧制：使材料通过辊子以减小厚度。 |
| Extrusion | Forcing material through a shaped opening. 挤压：迫使材料通过成形开口。 |
| Turning | Machining a rotating workpiece with a cutting tool. 车削：用刀具加工旋转工件。 |
| Milling | Machining using a rotating multi-tooth cutter. 铣削：用旋转多齿刀具加工。 |
| Drilling | Making or enlarging a hole with a rotating drill bit. 钻孔：用旋转钻头制孔或扩孔。 |
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