📚 IGCSE CAIE History: Key Terms Rapid Revision Guide | IGCSE CAIE 历史：词汇术语速记指南
In IGCSE CAIE History, especially the 20th-century international relations core, precise use of historical terms is often the difference between a vague answer and a top-band response. This guide groups essential terms by theme, gives short definitions, and adds memory hooks to help you build exam-ready vocabulary quickly.
在 IGCSE CAIE 历史（特别是 20 世纪国际关系核心课程）中，能否准确使用历史术语往往决定答案的分数档次。本指南按主题归类核心术语，提供简短定义和记忆线索，帮助你快速建立应考词汇库。
1. Why Terminology Matters | 术语为何重要
Examiners reward candidates who use subject-specific language such as ‘collective security’, ‘reparations’ or ‘détente’ in context. Without these terms, answers often describe events in a general way and lose analytical marks.
考官会奖励能够在语境中准确使用 ‘集体安全’、’赔款’ 或 ‘缓和’ 等学科术语的考生。缺少这些术语，答案往往只是泛泛叙述事件，难以获得分析分。
A strong term bank also helps you read source questions faster, because many command words and source labels rely on precise vocabulary.
扎实的术语库还能帮助你更快读懂史料题，因为许多指令词和史料标注都依赖精确的词汇。
2. How to Use This Guide | 指南使用方法
For each term, focus on three things: the definition, a concrete example from the CAIE syllabus, and a memory hook. Test yourself by covering the right-hand column in the quick quiz table at the end.
对每个术语，重点掌握三件事：定义、教学大纲中的具体例子、记忆线索。最后用快速自测表盖住右侧栏目进行自测。
Do not just memorise dictionary meanings. Always link a term to a specific event, person or treaty from your depth study or core content.
不要只背词典含义。始终把术语与你深度研究或核心内容中的具体事件、人物或条约联系起来。
3. Political Systems and Ideologies | 政治制度与意识形态
Democracy means rule by the people, usually through elected representatives, while dictatorship means rule by one person or a small group without free elections.
民主意为人民统治，通常通过选举代表实现；独裁则是一人或少数人统治，没有自由选举。
Communism, as studied in Russia and China, aims for state ownership of the economy and a classless society; capitalism relies on private ownership and market competition.
共产主义（如俄国、中国单元）主张经济由国家所有、建立无阶级社会；资本主义依靠私有制和市场竞争。
Fascism is a far-right, nationalist ideology that rejects democracy and communism, glorifies the state, and often uses violence. Nazi Germany is the key example.
法西斯主义是一种极右民族主义意识形态，反对民主和共产主义，崇拜国家，并常常使用暴力。纳粹德国是典型例子。
A constitution is the set of rules by which a country is governed. The Weimar Republic had a democratic constitution, but Article 48 allowed emergency powers that later undermined democracy.
宪法是治理国家的一套规则。魏玛共和国有一部民主宪法，但第 48 条允许使用紧急权力，后来削弱了民主。
4. International Relations: Alliances, Treaties and Sanctions | 国际关系：联盟、条约与制裁
An alliance is an agreement between countries to support each other, especially in war. The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente before 1914 are classic examples, but the term also appears in Cold War alliances such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
联盟是国家间相互支持的协议，尤其在战争中。1914 年前的三国同盟和三国协约是经典例子，但冷战中的北约和华约也属于联盟。
A treaty is a formal agreement between states. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) and the Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) are two treaties you must know in detail.
条约是国家间的正式协议。《凡尔赛条约》（1919 年）和《纳粹-苏联条约》（1939 年）是两个必须详细掌握的条约。
Sanctions are penalties imposed on a country to force it to change policy. The League of Nations could impose economic sanctions, but they were often weak or not enforced.
制裁是为迫使一国改变政策而施加的惩罚。国际联盟可以实施经济制裁，但通常力度很弱或未被执行。
An ultimatum is a final demand backed by a threat. Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum to Serbia in 1914 helped trigger the First World War; Britain’s ultimatum to Germany in 1939 followed the invasion of Poland.
最后通牒是带有威胁的最后要求。1914 年奥匈帝国向塞尔维亚发出的最后通牒助长了第一次世界大战爆发；1939 年英国在德国入侵波兰后向德国发出最后通牒。
5. The Treaty of Versailles and Its Terms | 凡尔赛条约及其条款
The Treaty of Versailles was the main peace treaty after the First World War, signed in June 1919. Its terms are often remembered by the acronym BRAT: Blame, Reparations, Army, Territory.
凡尔赛条约是第一次世界大战后的主要和约，签署于 1919 年 6 月。其条款常用首字母 BRAT 记忆：战争罪责、赔款、军队、领土。
Article 231, the ‘war guilt clause’, forced Germany to accept full responsibility for starting the war. This caused deep resentment in Germany.
第 231 条即 ‘战争罪责条款’，强迫德国承担发动战争的全部责任。这在德国引发了强烈不满。
Reparations were the payments Germany had to make for war damage. They were set at £6.6 billion in 1921, contributing to economic crisis and hyperinflation in 1923.
赔款是德国必须为战争损失支付的款项。1921 年定为 66 亿英镑，导致经济危机和 1923 年的恶性通胀。
The treaty weakened Germany’s army, limited the navy, banned an air force, and demilitarised the Rhineland. Territory was taken away, including Alsace-Lorraine to France and the Polish Corridor to Poland.
条约削弱了德国陆军，限制海军，禁止空军，并使莱茵兰非军事化。德国失去领土，包括阿尔萨斯-洛林归还法国，波兰走廊划归波兰。
Many Germans called the treaty a ‘diktat’ because they had no say in its terms. This sense of injustice was later exploited by Hitler.
许多德国人称该条约为 ‘强加的命令’，因为他们在条款上没有任何发言权。这种不公正感后来被希特勒利用。
6. The League of Nations: Collective Security and Mandates | 国际联盟：集体安全与委任统治
Collective security was the
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