📚 IGCSE CAIE Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Rapid Memorisation Guide | IGCSE CAIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
The CAIE IGCSE Psychology syllabus rewards precise use of psychological terminology. Many marks are lost not because candidates do not understand the studies, but because they confuse ‘aim’ with ‘hypothesis’, ‘independent variable’ with ‘dependent variable’, or ‘reliability’ with ‘validity’. This guide groups essential terms into logical clusters and gives you memory hooks, exam-style definitions and rapid self-test prompts so you can move from recognition to confident application.
CAIE IGCSE 心理学大纲非常看重心理学术语的准确使用。很多考生失分不是因为不理解研究，而是因为混淆了“目标”和“假设”、“自变量”和“因变量”或“信度”和“效度”。本指南把核心术语按逻辑分组，并提供记忆线索、考试风格的定义和快速自测提示，帮助你从“认识术语”提升到“自信应用”。
1. Why Terminology Matters in CAIE IGCSE Psychology | 为什么术语在 CAIE IGCSE 心理学中至关重要
In CAIE IGCSE Psychology, command terms such as ‘define’, ‘describe’, ‘explain’ and ‘evaluate’ ask you to use technical vocabulary accurately. A definition that uses the correct term but lacks precision, such as saying ‘the IV is what you change’ without mentioning the DV, may gain only partial credit.
在 CAIE IGCSE 心理学中，“define”“describe”“explain”“evaluate”等指令词要求你准确使用专业词汇。如果定义使用了正确术语但不够精确，例如只说“IV 是你改变的东西”而不提及 DV，可能只能得到部分分数。
The syllabus includes two main papers: Paper 1 tests knowledge and understanding through short-answer and scenario questions, while Paper 2 tests research methods and data handling. Both papers expect you to identify, apply and evaluate psychology terminology.
大纲包含两份试卷：Paper 1 通过简答题和情境题考查知识与理解，Paper 2 考查研究方法和数据处理。两份试卷都要求你识别、应用和评价心理学术语。
A useful strategy is to learn terms in pairs or opposites: aim and hypothesis, independent and dependent variable, reliability and validity, qualitative and quantitative data.
一个有用的策略是成对或对比学习术语：目标与假设、自变量与因变量、信度与效度、定性数据与定量数据。
2. The Research Process: From Aim to Hypothesis | 研究流程：从目标到假设
The aim is a general statement of what a study intends to investigate. It often begins with ‘To investigate whether…’ and does not make a precise prediction.
研究目标是一项研究打算调查什么的一般性陈述。它通常以“旨在调查是否……”开头，不作出精确预测。
A hypothesis is a testable, directional or non-directional prediction about the relationship between variables. A directional hypothesis states the expected direction, e.g. ‘participants who sleep more will recall more words’.
假设是对变量之间关系的一种可检验的、方向性或非方向性预测。方向性假设说明预期的方向，例如“睡眠更多的参与者会回忆更多单词”。
A non-directional hypothesis predicts a difference or relationship but not the direction, e.g. ‘there will be a difference in recall between high-sleep and low-sleep participants’.
非方向性假设预测存在差异或关系但不说明方向，例如“高睡眠组与低睡眠组参与者在回忆上会存在差异”。
The null hypothesis states that any observed difference or relationship is due to chance; it is the statement researchers test statistically.
零假设指出，任何观察到的差异或关系都是由偶然因素造成的；它是研究者进行统计检验的陈述。
3. Variables: Independent, Dependent and Extraneous | 变量：自变量、因变量与额外变量
The independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher manipulates or changes to see its effect. The dependent variable (DV) is the factor the researcher measures.
自变量（IV）是研究者操纵或改变以观察其效果的因素。因变量（DV）是研究者测量的因素。
A quick memory hook: ‘I change the IV, then I measure the DV’. In an experiment on noise and memory, the IV is noise level, and the DV is number of words recalled.
一个快速记忆线索：“我改变 IV，然后测量 DV”。在一项关于噪音与记忆的实验中，IV 是噪音水平，DV 是回忆的单词数量。
Extraneous variables are any variables other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled. When an extraneous variable changes systematically with the IV, it becomes a confounding variable.
额外变量是除 IV 外可能影响 DV 的任何变量，如果不加以控制。当额外变量与 IV 系统地一起变化时，它就成为混淆变量。
You should also be able to operationalise variables: state exactly how the IV and DV are manipulated or measured, e.g. ‘noise at 80 dB’ rather than just ‘noise’.
你还应该能够对变量进行操作化定义：准确说明 IV 和 DV 如何被操纵或测量，例如“80 分贝的噪音”而不只是“噪音”。
4. Sampling and Participants | 抽样与参与者
The population is the entire group a researcher is interested in, while the sample is the smaller group selected from that population to take part.
总体是研究者感兴趣的整个群体，而样本是从总体中选出参与研究的较小群体。
Random sampling gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected, which reduces sampling bias but can be time-consuming.
随机抽样让总体中每个成员都有均等被选中的机会，这可以减少抽样偏差，但可能耗时。
Opportunity sampling uses people who are available at the time, such as students in a corridor. It is quick and convenient but may produce a biased, unrepresentative sample.
机会抽样使用当时容易接触到的人，例如走廊里的学生。它快速方便，但可能产生有偏差、不具代表性的样本。
Volunteer sampling relies on participants responding to an advert or request. It can attract highly motivated participants, but they may not represent the wider population.
志愿者抽样依靠参与者回应广告或请求。它可能吸引高度积极的参与者，但他们不一定代表更广泛的总体。
5. Experimental Designs and Methods | 实验设计与研究方法
Independent measures design uses different participants in each condition of the IV. It avoids order effects but participant variables may differ between groups.
独立组设计在 IV 的每个条件下使用不同的参与者。它避免了顺序效应，但各组之间的参与者变量可能不同。
Repeated measures design uses the same participants in all conditions. It controls participant variables but may create order effects such as practice or fatigue.
重复测量设计在所有条件下使用相同的参与者。它控制了参与者变量，但可能产生练习效应或疲劳效应等顺序效应。
Matched pairs design matches participants on key characteristics, then places one of each pair in each condition. It reduces participant variables without order effects, but matching is difficult and time-consuming.
配对组设计按关键特征匹配参与者，然后将每对中的一人分到每个条件。它在没有顺序效应的情况下减少了参与者变量，但匹配困难且耗时。
The three main research methods are experiments, self-reports and observations. Experiments manipulate an IV and measure a DV; self-reports gather opinions and experiences; observations record behaviour in natural or controlled settings.
三种主要研究方法是实验、自我报告和观察。实验操纵 IV 并测量 DV；自我报告收集意见和经历；观察记录自然环境或控制环境中的行为。
6. Self-Report Methods: Questionnaires and Interviews | 自我报告法：问卷与访谈
A questionnaire is a written set of questions. It can use open questions, which produce qualitative data, or closed questions, which produce quantitative data.
问卷是一组书面问题。它可以使用开放式问题，产生定性数据；也可以使用封闭式问题，产生定量数据。
Rating scales such as Likert scales ask participants to indicate agreement from ‘strongly disagree’ to ‘strongly agree’. They generate numerical data but may be affected by response bias.
李克特量表等评定量表要求参与者表示从“非常不同意”到“非常同意”的同意程度。它们产生数值数据，但可能受到反应偏差的影响。
An interview involves direct questioning. Structured interviews use fixed questions asked in the same order; unstructured interviews are more like conversations and can explore issues in depth.
访谈涉及直接提问。结构化访谈使用按相同顺序提出的固定问题；非结构化访谈更像是对话，可以深入探讨问题。
Structured interviews are easier to compare, while unstructured interviews collect richer, more detailed qualitative data but are harder to analyse.
结构化访谈更容易比较，而非结构化访谈收集更丰富、更详细的定性数据，但分析起来更困难。
7. Observations and Case Studies | 观察法与案例研究
Observation involves watching and recording behaviour. Covert observation is carried out without participants’ knowledge; overt observation is open and participants know they are being watched.
观察法包括观看和记录行为。隐蔽观察在参与者不知情的情况下进行；公开观察是公开的，参与者知道自己在被观察。
Naturalistic observation takes place in the participant’s usual environment, giving high ecological validity. Controlled observation takes place in an artificial setting, allowing more control over variables.
自然观察发生在参与者的日常环境中，具有较高的生态效度。控制观察发生在人工环境中，可以更好地控制变量。
A case study is an in-depth investigation of one person, group or event, often using multiple methods such as interviews, observations and tests. It provides rich detail but is hard to generalise.
案例研究是对一个人、群体或事件的深入调查，通常使用访谈、观察和测试等多种方法。它提供丰富的细节，但难以推广。
8. Correlation Terms and Data Analysis | 相关术语与数据分析
Correlation measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. It does not prove causation.
相关测量两个变量之间关系的强度和方向。它不能证明因果关系。
A positive correlation means as one variable increases, the other tends to increase. A negative correlation means as one variable increases, the other tends to decrease.
正相关意味着一个变量增加时，另一个变量也趋于增加。负相关意味着一个变量增加时，另一个变量趋于减少。
Correlation coefficients range from −1 to +1. A coefficient close to +1 or −1 indicates a strong relationship; close to 0 indicates a weak or no relationship.
相关系数范围从 −1 到 +1。接近 +1 或 −1 的系数表示关系强；接近 0 表示关系弱或没有关系。
Quantitative data are numerical and easier to analyse using averages and graphs. Qualitative data are descriptive and reveal meanings, opinions and experiences but are harder to summarise.
定量数据是数值型的，使用平均数和图表更容易分析。定性数据是描述性的，能揭示意义、意见和经历，但更难总结。
9. Reliability, Validity and Objectivity | 信度、效度与客观性
Reliability means consistency. If a study is repeated and similar results are obtained, it is reliable. Validity means accuracy: does the study measure what it claims to measure?
信度指一致性。如果重复研究得到相似结果，就是可信的。效度指准确性：研究是否测量了它声称要测量的东西？
Ecological validity is the extent to which findings can be generalised to real-life settings. Population validity concerns whether the sample represents the target population.
生态效度是研究结果能被推广到现实生活环境的程度。总体效度涉及样本是否代表目标总体。
Objectivity means data and conclusions are not influenced by personal feelings or biases. Subjectivity means personal opinions or interpretations affect the data or conclusions.
客观性意味着数据和结论不受个人感受或偏见的影响。主观性意味着个人意见或解释影响数据或结论。
10. Ethics Vocabulary You Must Know | 必须知道的伦理词汇
Informed consent means participants agree to take part after being told the aims, procedures, and their rights. Deception should be avoided unless necessary and justified.
知情同意指参与者在被告知研究目的
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