IGCSE Cambridge Geography: Key Terms Rapid Revision Guide | IGCSE剑桥地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE Cambridge Geography: Key Terms Rapid Revision Guide | IGCSE剑桥地理：词汇术语速记指南

This guide groups high-frequency Cambridge IGCSE Geography terms by syllabus theme. For each term, a short definition and memory hook are given in paired English and Chinese paragraphs, so you can revise faster and link vocabulary to case-study questions.

本指南将剑桥 IGCSE 地理高频词汇按大纲主题分组。每个术语均以配对的英文和中文段落给出简短定义与记忆提示，帮助你更快复习，并把词汇与案例研究题联系起来。

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1. Population and Settlement Terms | 人口与聚落术语

Population geography begins with three core rates. Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year, while death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. Natural increase is simply births minus deaths.

人口地理学从三个核心比率开始。出生率是每年每千人的活产婴儿数，而死亡率是每年每千人的死亡人数。自然增长率就是出生人数减去死亡人数。

Natural increase = Birth rate – Death rate

Do not confuse dense population with overpopulation. Density is an objective count of people per square kilometre; overpopulation is a value judgement about whether resources, jobs and services can support that population at an acceptable standard of living.

不要混淆人口稠密与人口过剩。密度是对每平方公里人口数的客观统计；人口过剩则是关于资源、就业和服务能否以可接受的生活水平支撑该人口的价值判断。

For settlements, remember site is the physical ground, situation is the wider location, and function is the economic or social purpose. A settlement hierarchy ranks places from hamlet to capital city by population size, services and sphere of influence.

对于聚落，请记住：选址是实际的地面，位置是更广泛的区位，功能是经济或社会用途。聚落等级根据人口规模、服务和影响范围将地方从小村庄到首都进行排序。

• Population density = people ÷ area (km²). 人口密度 = 人口 ÷ 面积（平方公里）。
• Site = ground; situation = surroundings. 选址 = 地面；位置 = 周围环境。

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2. River Processes and Landforms | 河流过程与地貌

River erosion involves four processes: hydraulic action (the force of water), abrasion or corrasion (rock particles scraping the bed and banks), attrition (particles colliding and becoming smaller), and solution or corrosion (chemical dissolving of minerals).

河流侵蚀包含四种过程：水力作用（水的力量）、磨蚀（岩石颗粒刮擦河床和河岸）、磨耗（颗粒相互碰撞而变小）和溶蚀（矿物质被化学溶解）。

Transportation also has four forms: traction (large stones rolled along the bed), saltation (small stones bounced along), suspension (fine particles carried in the water), and solution (dissolved minerals carried invisibly).

搬运也有四种形式：推移（大石块沿河床滚动）、跃移（小石块弹跳前进）、悬移（细颗粒在水中悬浮搬运）和溶运（溶解的矿物质无形中被带走）。

Key landforms include meanders and oxbow lakes in the middle course, and floodplains, levees and deltas in the lower course. A delta forms where a river deposits its load faster than tides or currents can remove it.

关键地貌包括中游的曲流和牛轭湖，以及下游的泛滥平原、天然堤和三角洲。三角洲形成于河流沉积其搬运物的速度超过潮汐或洋流能够将其带走的地方。

• Erosion: hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution. 侵蚀：水力作用、磨蚀、磨耗、溶蚀。
• Transportation: traction, saltation, suspension, solution. 搬运：推移、跃移、悬移、溶运。

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3. Coastal Environments Vocabulary | 海岸环境词汇

Waves have a swash (water moving up the beach) and a backwash (water returning to the sea). When the swash approaches at an angle and the backwash returns at right angles, longshore drift moves sediment along the coast.

波浪有冲流（水冲向海滩）和回流（水返回海中）。当冲流以一定角度冲向海滩，而回流以直角返回时，沿岸漂移会沿海岸搬运沉积物。

Coastal erosion creates headlands and bays where rocks of different resistance alternate. Further erosion can produce caves, arches, stacks and stumps on a headland, plus a wave-cut platform at its base.

海岸侵蚀在软硬岩层交替的地方形成岬角和海湾。进一步侵蚀可以在岬角上形成海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱和海蚀残丘，并在其底部形成波切平台。

Depositional landforms include beaches, spits, bars and tombolos. A spit is a long ridge of sand or shingle attached to the coast at one end, often ending with a curved recurved tip.

沉积地貌包括海滩、沙嘴、沙坝和连岛沙洲。沙嘴是一端与海岸相连的长条形沙或砾石脊，常常以弯曲的回弯尖端结束。

• Cave, arch, stack, stump. 海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱、海蚀残丘。
• Swash = up; backwash = down. 冲流向上；回流向下。

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4. Weather, Climate and Atmospheric Systems | 天气、气候与大气系统

Weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, while climate is the average weather over at least 30 years. Precipitation includes rain, snow, sleet and hail, and can be triggered by relief, convection or fronts.

天气是大气逐日的状态，而气候是至少30年的平均天气。降水包括雨、雪、雨夹雪和冰雹，可以由地形、对流或锋面触发。

Relief rainfall occurs when moist air is forced to rise over hills, cooling and condensing. Convectional rainfall is common in hot regions where the ground heats the air, causing rapid uplift. Frontal rainfall happens where warm air rises over colder air at a front.

地形雨发生在潮湿空气被迫抬升越过山丘、冷却凝结时。对流雨常见于炎热地区，地面加热空气导致快速上升。锋面雨发生在暖空气在锋面处上升到冷空气之上时。

Pressure systems matter in weather maps. An anticyclone is a high-pressure system bringing settled, dry weather, while a depression is a low-pressure system bringing cloud, wind and rain.

气压系统在天气图中很重要。反气旋是带来稳定、干燥天气的高压系统，而气旋（低压系统）则带来云、风和降雨。

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5. Tectonic Hazards: Earthquakes and Volcanoes | 构造灾害：地震与火山

Earthquakes release energy from a focus underground; the epicentre is the point on the surface directly above the focus. Magnitude is measured on the Richter scale, while intensity is measured on the Mercalli scale.

地震从地下的震源释放能量；震中是震源正上方的地面点。震级用里氏震级测量，而烈度用麦加利烈度测量。

Plate boundaries are constructive (plates move apart), destructive (plates collide and one subducts), and conservative (plates slide past each other). Constructive margins often create shield volcanoes and gentle eruptions; destructive margins create composite volcanoes and explosive eruptions.

板块边界分为建设型（板块分离）、破坏型（板块碰撞且一块俯冲）和保守型（板块相互滑动）。建设型边界常形成盾状火山和温和喷发；破坏型边界形成复式火山和爆炸性喷发。

Tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or landslides displacing water. Terms such as primary hazard and secondary hazard distinguish immediate damage from knock-on effects like fires and disease.

海啸由水下地震、火山喷发或滑坡使水体位移引起。诸如原生灾害和次生灾害的术语用于区分直接破坏与火灾、疾病等连锁影响。

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6. Economic Development and Globalisation | 经济发展与全球化

Development indicators include GDP per capita, GNP, HDI, literacy rate, life expectancy and infant mortality. HDI combines income, education and health, making it more useful than GDP alone.

发展指标包括人均 GDP、GNP、HDI、识字率、预期寿命和婴儿死亡率。HDI 综合了收入、教育和健康

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