📚 IGCSE Cambridge History: Exam Skills and Marking Criteria | IGCSE Cambridge 历史：答题技巧与评分标准
Cambridge IGCSE History is not just a test of memory. It asks you to select evidence, explain causes and consequences, evaluate sources, and write balanced judgements. Many students know the facts but lose marks because they do not understand what the examiner is actually rewarding.
剑桥 IGCSE 历史不只是考查记忆。它要求你选择证据、解释原因和后果、评估史料，并写出平衡的判断。许多学生掌握史实，却因为不了解考官真正奖励什么而失分。
This revision guide breaks down the assessment objectives, question types, source skills, essay structures, and marking criteria. Use it to turn your knowledge into higher marks.
本复习指南将分解评分目标、题型、史料技能、论文结构和评分标准。用它把知识转化为更高的分数。
1. Understanding the Assessment Objectives | 理解评分目标
In Cambridge IGCSE History (0470), marks are awarded against three assessment objectives: AO1 knowledge and understanding, AO2 explanation and judgement, and AO3 source analysis.
在剑桥 IGCSE 历史（0470）中，评分依据三大评分目标：AO1 知识理解、AO2 解释与判断，以及 AO3 史料分析。
AO1 covers your ability to recall, select and use accurate historical knowledge. AO2 covers explanation, analysis and making supported judgements. AO3 is tested mainly in Paper 2, where you must interpret and evaluate sources.
AO1 考查你回忆、选择和使用准确历史知识的能力。AO2 考查解释、分析和做出有依据的判断。AO3 主要在 Paper 2 中考查，要求你解读和评估史料。
Knowing these objectives helps you see why a fact alone is never enough: examiners are testing how you select evidence, explain causes, and reach a supported conclusion. A list of dates will not earn high marks unless it is used to answer the question.
了解这些目标可以帮助你明白为什么仅仅记住史实永远不够：考官考查的是你如何选择证据、解释原因，并得出有依据的结论。单纯罗列日期不会得高分，除非它们被用来回答问题。
2. Paper 1 Structure and Question Types | Paper 1 结构与题型
Paper 1 lasts 2 hours and carries 60 marks, worth 40% of the total. You answer two questions from the Core Content and one from your Depth Study.
Paper 1 考试时间为 2 小时，满分 60 分，占总成绩 40%。你需要回答两道核心内容题和一道深度学习题。
Each question typically contains three parts: (a) describe 4 marks, (b) explain why 6 marks, and (c) a judgement essay 10 marks. A common mistake is to write an explanation in part (a) when only description is needed.
每个问题通常包含三个部分：(a) 描述题 4 分，(b) 解释原因题 6 分，(c) 判断论述题 10 分。常见错误是在 (a) 题中写出解释，而题目只需要描述。
For part (a), aim for three or four accurate descriptive points. They should be specific: give names, dates, places and events rather than general statements such as ‘life was bad’.
对于 (a) 题，目标是写出三到四个准确的描述要点。这些要点要具体：给出人名、日期、地点和事件，而不是只说 ‘生活很糟糕’ 这样的泛泛之谈。
For part (b), always give reasons and link them: one reason alone cannot reach full marks because the command word ‘explain’ requires development and cause-effect links. Show how one event led to another, or how a cause had short-term and long-term effects.
对于 (b) 题，要始终给出多个理由并建立联系：单凭一个理由无法获得满分，因为指令词 ‘explain’ 要求展开说明和因果联系。展示一个事件如何导致另一个事件，或某个原因如何产生短期和长期影响。
Part (c) is where levels are decided. You must produce a balanced argument, weighing evidence for and against an interpretation, and finish with a clear conclusion. Do not leave the conclusion to the last sentence if you can signal your judgement throughout.
(c) 题是决定等级的地方。你必须写出平衡的论证，权衡支持和反对某一解释的证据，并以明确的结论收尾。不要把结论留到最后一句话，最好在文中不断暗示你的判断。
3. Command Words and What They Require | 指令词及其要求
IGCSE History uses precise command words: ‘describe’ asks what happened; ‘explain’ asks why it happened; ‘assess’ or ‘how far do you agree’ asks for a balanced judgement.
IGCSE 历史使用明确的指令词：’describe’ 问发生了什么；’explain’ 问为什么会发生；’assess’ 或 ‘how far do you agree’ 要求给出平衡的判断。
You can turn each command word into a checklist. For ‘explain’, write ‘because’ and develop consequences. For ‘assess’, write both sides before a conclusion. For ‘compare’, identify similarities and differences with specific detail.
你可以把每个指令词变成清单。遇到 ‘explain’，就写 ‘because’ 并展开后果；遇到 ‘assess’，先写正反两面再下结论；遇到 ‘compare’，用具体细节找出相同点和不同点。
| Command word | What you must do | 指令词 | 你要做的事 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Describe | Give accurate details of features or events | 描述 | 准确给出特征或事件的细节 |
| Explain | Give reasons and show cause-effect links | 解释 | 给出原因并展示因果联系 |
| Assess / How far | Weigh both sides and make a judgement | 评估 / 在多大程度上 | 权衡正反两面并做出判断 |
| Compare | Identify and develop similarities and differences | 比较 | 找出并展开相同点和不同点 |
Underline the command word in the exam and keep checking that every paragraph answers that specific command. It is the simplest way to avoid going off track.
在考试中给指令词加下划线，并不断检查每个段落是否在回答该指令。这是避免跑题最简单的方法。
4. Using PEEEL Paragraphs | 使用 PEEEL 段落结构
For higher-mark essay questions, build each paragraph with the PEEEL structure: Point, Evidence, Explanation, Evaluation, Link. This is not a rigid formula, but it helps you develop ideas instead of listing facts.
对于高分论述题，每个段落可以用 PEEEL 结构：观点、证据、解释、评估、联系。这不是死板的公式，但它能帮助你展开想法，而不是罗列事实。
Start with a clear point that answers the question, then support it with specific evidence such as the Treaty of Versailles, the Cuban Missile Crisis or the Wall Street Crash.
先用明确回答问题的观点开头，然后用具体证据支撑，例如《凡尔赛条约》、古巴导弹危机或华尔街崩盘。
Explanation should link the evidence back to
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