IGCSE Cambridge History: Key Terms Memory Guide | IGCSE剑桥历史：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE Cambridge History: Key Terms Memory Guide | IGCSE剑桥历史：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terms is one of the fastest ways to boost your IGCSE History grade. This guide explains high-frequency vocabulary in clear English and Chinese, so you can memorise meanings, use them accurately in essays, and recognise them in source questions.

掌握关键术语是提高IGCSE历史成绩最快的方法之一。本指南用清晰的中英文解释高频词汇，帮助你记住含义、在论文中准确使用，并在材料题中识别它们。

1. Why Key Terms Matter | 为什么要掌握关键术语

In Cambridge IGCSE History, a strong answer depends on precise historical vocabulary. Terms such as “nationalism”, “alliance” and “armistice” carry specific meanings that shape how you explain events.

在剑桥IGCSE历史中，高分答案依赖于准确的历史词汇。“民族主义”“联盟”“停战”等术语都有特定含义，影响你对事件的解释方式。

Examiners often award marks for using the correct concept, not just for describing what happened. If you write “Germany was angry” instead of “Germany resented the war guilt clause”, you miss the chance to show historical understanding.

考官通常会因为使用正确概念而给分，而不仅仅看是否描述了事件。如果写“德国很生气”，而不是“德国对战争罪责条款心怀怨恨”，就错失了展示历史理解的机会。

Key terms help you group information efficiently. For example, the MAIN causes of the First World War allow you to recall four long-term causes quickly and use them in a structured answer.

关键术语帮助你高效地整理信息。例如，第一次世界大战的MAIN原因让你快速回忆四个长期原因，并在有条理的答案中使用它们。

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2. Source Skills: Types and Reliability | 史料技能：类型与可靠性

A primary source is a piece of evidence created at the time being studied, such as a diary, photograph, treaty or speech. A secondary source is produced later, often by historians, such as a textbook or biography.

一手史料是在所研究时期产生的证据，如日记、照片、条约或演讲。二手史料是后来产生的，通常由历史学家编写，如教科书或传记。

Bias means a source gives a one-sided or unfair view. Reliability asks whether you can trust the source for a particular enquiry, while utility asks how useful the source is, even if it is biased.

偏见是指史料只呈现片面或不公正的观点。可靠性问的是在某一具体探究中能否信任该史料，而效用问的是该史料有多大用处，即使它带有偏见。

Provenance means the origin of a source: who made it, when, where and why. Corroboration means checking a source against other evidence to see whether it is supported.

出处指的是史料的来源：谁制作的、何时、何地以及为什么制作。佐证是指将史料与其他证据对照，检验它是否得到支持。

In source questions, use OPVL: Origin, Purpose, Value and Limitation. This structure helps you evaluate a source systematically rather than simply saying it is “reliable” or “unreliable”.

在材料题中，使用OPVL：来源、目的、价值和局限。这一结构帮助你系统地评价史料，而不是简单地说它“可靠”或“不可靠”。

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3. Historical Thinking Concepts | 历史思维核心概念

Causation in history means explaining why events happen. Cambridge IGCSE asks you to distinguish long-term causes, such as nationalism, from short-term triggers, such as the assassination at Sarajevo in 1914.

历史中的因果关系是指解释事件为何发生。剑桥IGCSE要求区分长期原因，如民族主义，与短期导火索，如1914年萨拉热窝刺杀事件。

Consequence means the results or effects of an event. A consequence can be intended or unintended, positive or negative, and can be social, political, economic or cultural.

后果是指事件的结果或影响。后果可以是有意的或无意的、积极的或消极的，也可以是社会、政治、经济或文化方面的。

Continuity and change are two sides of the same coin. Historians ask what stayed the same and what was transformed over a period, such as how daily life continued during wartime while governments changed.

延续与变迁是一枚硬币的两面。历史学家会问在一段时期内什么保持不变、什么发生了变化，例如战时日常生活如何延续而政府如何更迭。

Significance is about judging why an event or person matters. Interpretations are different historians’ views of the same evidence, which may differ because of perspective, evidence or the questions asked.

重要性是判断一个事件或人物为何重要。历史解释是不同历史学家对同一证据的不同看法，因视角、证据或所提问题不同而存在差异。

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4. Causes of the First World War | 第一次世界大战的起因

The MAIN long-term causes of the First World War are usually remembered as Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism and Nationalism. Militarism means the build-up of armed forces and the belief that military power should be used.

第一次世界大战的长期原因通常记为MAIN：军国主义、同盟体系、帝国主义和民族主义。军国主义指扩充军队并认为应使用军事力量。

Alliances divided Europe into two armed camps: the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the Triple Entente of France, Russia and Britain. A local crisis could therefore drag all major powers into war.

同盟体系把欧洲分成两大武装阵营：德国、奥匈帝国和意大利的三国同盟，以及法国、俄国和英国的三国协约。因此局部危机可能把所有大国拖入战争。

The trigger was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28 June 1914. The Schlieffen Plan was Germany’s plan to avoid a two-front war by defeating France quickly through Belgium, but it failed and led to a stalemate.

导火索是1914年6月28日弗朗茨·斐迪南大公遇刺。施里芬计划是德国为避免两线作战、经比利时迅速击败法国的计划，但计划失败并导致僵局。

Trench warfare and a war of attrition followed: attrition means wearing down the enemy by continuous losses in men and materials. An armistice is an agreement to stop fighting; it was signed on 11 November 1918.

随后出现了堑壕战和消耗战：消耗战是指通过人员和物资的持续损失来拖垮敌人。停战协定是停止战斗的协议，于1918年11月11日签署。

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5. The Treaty of Versailles and Its Impact | 凡尔赛条约及其影响

The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, imposed harsh terms on Germany. The war guilt clause, Article 231, forced Germany to accept full responsibility for starting the war.

1919年签署的《凡尔赛条约》对德国强加了苛刻条款。战争罪

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