📚 IGCSE CCEA German: Formula & Rules Quick Reference | IGCSE CCEA 德语：公式定理速查手册
This handbook gathers the most important grammatical formulas, case rules, tense patterns and sentence frames for the IGCSE CCEA German specification. Use it as a rapid revision tool before written papers, oral tasks and listening/reading exercises. The formulas are presented as clear patterns that can be applied in exam responses.
本手册汇总 IGCSE CCEA 德语考试中最关键的语法公式、格规则、时态模式和句式框架，可作为笔试、口语、听力和阅读练习前的快速复习工具。以下公式均以清晰模式呈现，便于在考试答案中直接套用。
1. Word Order: The Verb-Second Formula | 语序：动词第二位的公式
In a German main clause, the conjugated verb normally occupies the second position. Position one can be the subject, a time phrase, a place phrase or an object.
在德语主句中，变位动词通常占据第二位。第一位可以是主语、时间短语、地点短语或宾语。
Subject + Conjugated Verb + Time + Manner + Place
主语 + 变位动词 + 时间 + 方式 + 地点
Example: Ich gehe heute schnell zur Schule. When a time phrase moves to position one, the verb must remain in second position: Heute gehe ich schnell zur Schule.
例如：Ich gehe heute schnell zur Schule（我今天快去学校）。当时间短语移到第一位时，动词必须仍居第二位：Heute gehe ich schnell zur Schule。
The ‘time-manner-place’ order is the default pattern, but it can be changed for emphasis. Examiners expect accurate verb-second placement in both writing and speaking.
‘时间-方式-地点’是默认顺序，但可根据强调重点调整。考官在写作和口语中都要求动词第二位位置正确。
2. Case System: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive | 格系统：主格、宾格、与格、属格
German has four cases. They mark the function of a noun phrase: nominative for the subject, accusative for the direct object, dative for the indirect object, and genitive for possession.
德语有四个格，用来表示名词短语的功能：主格作主语，宾格作直接宾语，与格作间接宾语，属格表示所属关系。
Definite article formula:
定冠词公式：
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