📚 IGCSE CCEA Sociology: Key Terms Memory Guide | IGCSE CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociology at IGCSE level starts with a secure grasp of its key terms. This revision guide groups essential CCEA Sociology vocabulary into logical themes, gives each term a concise English definition, and pairs it with a Chinese translation and a memory hook. Use the tables for quick recall and the paired paragraphs for deeper understanding.
要在 IGCSE 阶段掌握社会学，首先要扎实掌握关键术语。这份复习指南将 CCEA 社会学核心词汇按主题分类，每个术语配有简明英文定义、中文翻译和记忆提示。表格可用于快速回忆，成对段落有助于深入理解。
1. Core Concepts: Society, Culture, Norms and Values | 核心概念：社会、文化、规范与价值观
A society is a group of people who share a defined territory and interact within a common social structure. Culture is the learned way of life shared by members of that society, including language, beliefs, customs and material objects.
社会是共享特定地域并在共同社会结构中互动的一群人。文化是该社会成员共享的后天习得的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗和物质文化。
Norms are the unwritten rules that guide behaviour in specific situations, while values are broader principles that tell us what is considered good or desirable. For example, queuing is a norm in many societies; respect for privacy is a value.
规范是在具体情境中指导行为的非成文规则，而价值观是更广泛的原则，告诉我们什么是好的或值得追求的。例如，排队是许多社会中的一种规范；尊重隐私是一种价值观。
Status is the social position a person holds. Ascribed status is fixed at birth, such as being born into a royal family, while achieved status is earned through effort, such as becoming a doctor.
地位是一个人拥有的社会位置。先赋地位是出生时就确定的，例如出生于王室；自致地位是通过努力获得的，例如成为医生。
| English term | 中文术语 | Memory hook |
|---|---|---|
| Norms | 规范 | Think ‘normal’ rules for daily life. |
| Values | 价值观 | What society ‘values’ as good or bad. |
| Culture | 文化 | Whole way of life – think ‘cultivate’ a shared identity. |
| Roles | 角色 | Expected behaviour attached to a status, like a script in a play. |
| Ascribed status | 先赋地位 | ‘A’ for automatic at birth. |
| Achieved status | 自致地位 | ‘A’ for accomplished through effort. |
2. Socialisation: Primary and Secondary | 社会化：初级与次级
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the culture of society. It is often divided into primary socialisation, which occurs in early childhood mainly within the family, and secondary socialisation, which continues through school, peer groups, media and work.
社会化是学习社会文化的终身过程。它通常分为初级社会化（发生在幼儿期，主要在家庭中）和次级社会化（通过学校、同伴群体、媒体和工作继续）。
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups and institutions that pass on norms and values. The family is the main agent of primary socialisation, while education, peer groups, religion and mass media are important secondary agents.
社会化媒介是传递规范和价值观的个人、群体和机构。家庭是初级社会化的主要媒介，而教育、同伴群体、宗教和大众传媒是重要的次级媒介。
| English term | 中文术语 | Memory hook |
|---|---|---|
| Socialisation | 社会化 | Learning to be a member of society. |
| Primary socialisation | 初级社会化 | First lessons, usually from family. |
| Secondary socialisation | 次级社会化 | Second stage through school, peers, media. |
| Agents of socialisation | 社会化媒介 | The ‘agents’ that teach norms and values. |
| Peer group | 同伴群体 | Friends of similar age and status. |
| Formal curriculum | 正式课程 | Official subjects taught in school. |
3. Family and Household Terms | 家庭与住户术语
A family is a social group based on marriage, blood or adoption, while a household refers to people living at the same address, whether or not they are related. This distinction is often tested in CCEA Sociology.
家庭是基于婚姻、血缘或收养的社会群体，而住户指的是居住在同一地址的人，无论是否有亲属关系。CCEA 社会学常考这一区别。
The nuclear family consists of two generations – parents and their dependent children – living together. The extended family includes other relatives such as grandparents, aunts or uncles, either living together or in close contact.
核心家庭由两代人组成——父母及其受抚养子女——共同生活。扩大家庭包括祖父母、姑姨叔舅等其他亲属，
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