IGCSE WJEC Engineering: Quick Vocabulary and Terminology Guide | IGCSE WJEC 工程：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE WJEC Engineering: Quick Vocabulary and Terminology Guide | IGCSE WJEC 工程：词汇术语速记指南

In IGCSE WJEC Engineering, technical vocabulary is not just a memory test – it is the foundation for answering design, analysis and evaluation questions accurately. This guide groups key terms by topic, gives clear definitions, and provides memory hooks so you can recall them quickly under exam pressure.

在 IGCSE WJEC 工程中，技术词汇不只是记忆测试，它是准确回答设计、分析和评价题的基础。本指南按主题整理关键术语，给出清晰定义，并提供记忆线索，帮助你在考试压力下快速回忆。

1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能

The first set of terms describes how materials behave. ‘Tensile strength’ is the maximum pulling force a material can withstand before breaking, while ‘compressive strength’ refers to resistance to crushing. ‘Hardness’ means resistance to indentation or scratching, and ‘toughness’ is the ability to absorb energy without fracturing. A material that is ‘ductile’ can be drawn into wires, whereas a ‘malleable’ material can be hammered into sheets.

第一组术语描述材料的行为方式。’Tensile strength’（抗拉强度）是材料断裂前能承受的最大拉力，而 ‘compressive strength’（抗压强度）指抵抗压碎的能力。’Hardness’（硬度）指抵抗压痕或划痕的能力，’toughness’（韧性）指材料在断裂前吸收能量的能力。’Ductile’（延性）材料可拉成丝，而 ‘malleable’（可锻性）材料可锤成薄片。

A quick memory hook is: ‘Tension pulls, compression pushes; ductile draws, malleable flattens.’ Properties such as elasticity and plasticity describe whether a material returns to its original shape or keeps the deformed shape after a load is removed.

一个快速记忆法是：’拉力拉，压力压；延性拉丝，可锻压平。’ 弹性和塑性则描述材料在载荷移除后是恢复原状还是保持变形。

• Tensile strength – 抗拉强度：maximum pulling force before failure
• Compressive strength – 抗压强度：resistance to crushing
• Hardness – 硬度：resistance to indentation or scratching
• Toughness – 韧性：ability to absorb energy without fracturing
• Ductility – 延性：can be drawn into wires
• Malleability – 可锻性：can be hammered into thin sheets
• Elasticity – 弹性：returns to original shape after load removal
• Plasticity – 塑性：retains deformation after load removal
• Conductivity – 导电/导热性：allows heat or electricity to pass
• Density – 密度：mass per unit volume, ρ = m ÷ V

2. Forces, Loads and Motion | 力、载荷与运动

In engineering, a ‘load’ is any force applied to a structure or component. Loads can be ‘static’ (constant, such as the weight of a roof) or ‘dynamic’ (changing, such as a lorry crossing a bridge). ‘Mass’ is the amount of matter in an object measured in kilograms, while ‘weight’ is the gravitational force on that mass, calculated as W = m × g, where g is about 9.8 m/s² on Earth.

在工程中，’load’（载荷）是施加在结构或部件上的任何力。载荷可以是 ‘static’（静态的，如屋顶重量）或 ‘dynamic’（动态的，如卡车过桥）。’Mass’（质量）是物体所含物质的多少，单位为千克；’weight’（重量）是该质量所受的重力，计算公式为 W = m × g，其中 g 在地球上约为 9.8 m/s²。

W = m × g

Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be reduced by lubrication or by using low-friction materials such as PTFE. A free body diagram is often used to show all the forces acting on an object, including weight, reaction force, friction and applied loads.

摩擦力是阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。可通过润滑或使用聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）等低摩擦材料来减小。自由体图常用于表示作用在物体上的所有力，包括重力、反作用力、摩擦力和外加载荷。

• Static load – 静态载荷：constant force such as a building’s own weight
• Dynamic load – 动态载荷：changing force such as wind or moving vehicles
• Friction – 摩擦力：opposes sliding motion between surfaces
• Resultant force – 合力：single force that has the same effect as all forces combined
• Reaction force – 反作用力：support force perpendicular to a surface

3. Mechanical Systems and Mechanisms | 机械系统与机构

A mechanical system uses mechanisms to change an input motion or force into a desired output. In a lever, the ‘fulcrum’ is the pivot point, the ‘effort’ is the input force, and the ‘load’ is the resistance to be overcome. ‘Mechanical advantage’ (MA) compares output force to input force: MA = Load ÷ Effort. If MA is greater than 1, the mechanism multiplies force.

机械系统利用机构将输入运动或力转化为所需的输出。在杠杆中，’fulcrum’（支点）是旋转点，’effort’（动力）是输入力，’load’（负载）是要克服的阻力。’Mechanical advantage’（机械效益，MA）比较输出力与输入力：MA = 负载 ÷ 动力。若 MA 大于 1，机构放大力量。

MA = Load ÷ Effort

VR = Distance moved by effort ÷ Distance moved by load

Velocity ratio (VR) compares distances moved by the effort and load. Gear ratio is calculated as driven gear teeth divided by driver gear teeth. A small driver gear turning a larger driven gear increases torque but reduces speed, while the opposite arrangement increases speed but reduces torque.

速度比（VR）比较动力端和负载端移动的距离。齿轮比的计算方法是从动轮齿数除以主动轮齿数。小主动轮带动大从动轮会增大扭矩但降低转速，相反布置则提高转速但减小扭矩。

• Lever – 杠杆：rigid bar that rotates about a pivot
• Fulcrum – 支点：fixed pivot point of a lever
• Mechanical advantage – 机械效益：MA = Load ÷ Effort
• Velocity ratio – 速度比：VR = Effort distance ÷ Load distance
• Gear ratio – 齿轮比：Driven teeth ÷ Driver teeth
• Linkage – 连杆机构：connected levers used to change motion

4. Electrical and Electronic Terms | 电气与电子术语

In electrical engineering, ‘voltage’ (V) is the electrical potential difference that pushes charge around a circuit, measured in volts. ‘Current’ (I) is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes. ‘Resistance’ (R) opposes current and is measured in ohms. Ohm’s law links these three quantities: V = I × R.

在电气工程中，’voltage’（电压，V）是推动电荷在电路中流动的电位差，单位为伏特。’Current’（电流，I）是电荷流动的速率，单位为安培。’Resistance’（电阻，R）阻碍电流，单位为欧姆。欧姆定律将三者联系起来：V = I × R。

V = I × R

P = V × I

Power in an electrical circuit is calculated using P = V × I and is measured in watts. A sensor is an input device that detects a physical change, while an actuator is an output device that produces movement or action. In a series circuit

Published by TutorHao | IGCSE 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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