A-Level CAIE Physical Education: Essential Vocabulary Memory Guide | A-Level CAIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 A-Level CAIE Physical Education: Essential Vocabulary Memory Guide | A-Level CAIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering subject-specific vocabulary is one of the fastest ways to improve marks in CAIE A-Level Physical Education. This guide groups high-frequency terms by topic and gives you memory hooks, definitions, and exam-focused examples to help you recall them under pressure.

掌握学科专用词汇是提高 CAIE A-Level 体育分数的快捷方式之一。本指南按主题归类高频术语，并提供记忆钩子、定义和考点示例，帮助你在考试压力下准确回忆。

1. Anatomical and Movement Terms | 解剖与运动术语

Start with the language of the body because it appears in almost every anatomy, biomechanics and training question. Learn the anatomical reference position: standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms forward.

从身体语言开始，因为解剖、生物力学和训练题几乎都会涉及。记住解剖参考姿势：身体直立、面向前方、双臂垂于体侧、掌心向前。

Directional terms describe position: anterior means front, posterior means back, superior means above, inferior means below. Medial means toward the midline, while lateral means away from the midline. Proximal means close to the trunk, and distal means far from the trunk.

方位术语描述位置：anterior 表示前，posterior 表示后，superior 表示上，inferior 表示下。Medial 表示靠近身体中线，lateral 表示远离中线。Proximal 表示靠近躯干，distal 表示远离躯干。

Movement terms describe the action at a joint. Flexion decreases the joint angle, extension increases it, abduction moves a limb away from the midline, and adduction moves it toward the midline. Rotation is turning around an axis.

运动术语描述关节处的动作。屈曲减小关节角，伸展增大关节角，外展将肢体移离中线，内收将肢体移向中线。旋转是绕轴转动。

At the ankle, plantarflexion points the toes downward, while dorsiflexion pulls the toes upward. A quick memory hook is that plantar flexion sounds like planting the foot on the accelerator, so the toes point down.

在踝关节，跖屈使脚尖向下，背屈使脚尖向上。一个快速的记忆钩子是：plantar flexion 听起来像把脚踩在油门上，所以脚尖向下。

Movement occurs in three planes: the sagittal plane divides the body into left and right, the frontal plane divides front and back, and the transverse plane divides upper and lower. The sagittal plane pairs with a transverse axis, the frontal plane with a sagittal axis, and the transverse plane with a longitudinal axis.

运动发生在三个平面：矢状面将身体分为左右，冠状面将身体分为前后，水平面将身体分为上下。矢状面绕冠状轴运动，冠状面绕矢状轴运动，水平面绕垂直轴运动。

In exam answers, always pair direction terms with a named joint and movement plane. For example, flexion at the elbow occurs in the sagittal plane about a transverse axis.

在考试答案中，始终将方位术语与具体关节和运动平面配对。例如，肘关节屈曲发生在矢状面内，绕冠状轴运动。

2. Cardiovascular System Terms | 心血管系统术语

Cardiac vocabulary is central to exercise physiology questions on responses to exercise, training adaptations and health. Key terms include heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (Q), and their relationship: Q = HR × SV.

心脏词汇是运动生理学中关于运动反应、训练适应和健康问题的核心。关键术语包括心率（HR）、每搏输出量（SV）、心输出量（Q）及其关系：Q = HR × SV。

Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat. It increases during exercise due to increased venous return, which stretches the ventricular walls and produces a stronger contraction via Starling’s law.

每搏输出量是左心室每次搏动射出的血量。运动时每搏输出量增加，因为静脉回流量增加使心室壁被拉长，通过斯塔林定律产生更强的收缩。

Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle per minute. At rest it is around 5 L/min, but in trained athletes during maximal exercise it can rise above 20–30 L/min.

心输出量是左心室每分钟泵出的血液总量。静息时约为5升/分钟，但训练有素的运动员在最大强度运动时可升至20–30升/分钟以上。

Remember ‘Q = HR × SV’ by thinking ‘Quality = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume’ if you need a mnemonic. Also distinguish bradycardia (resting HR below 60 bpm) from tachycardia (resting HR above 100 bpm).

如果需要记忆法，可以把 ‘Q = HR × SV’ 想成 ‘质量 = 心率 × 每搏输出量’。同时区分心动过缓（静息心率低于60次/分）和心动过速（静息心率高于100次/分）。

Venous return is the flow of blood back to the heart. During exercise, the skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump and venoconstriction all increase venous return, which helps maintain stroke volume.

静脉回流量是回流到心脏的血流量。运动时，骨骼肌泵、呼吸泵和静脉收缩都会增加静脉回流量，从而帮助维持每搏输出量。

Vascular shunt is the redistribution of blood flow during exercise. Arterioles supplying working muscles vasodilate, while arterioles supplying less active organs such as the gut vasoconstrict. This is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and local metabolites.

血流重新分配是运动时血流量的重新分布。供应工作肌肉的小动脉扩张，而供应肠道等不太活跃器官的小动脉收缩。这由交感神经系统和局部代谢产物控制。

3. Respiratory System Terms | 呼吸系统术语

Respiratory terms often appear with gas exchange and oxygen transport. Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled per breath at rest; minute

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