Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids and Related Compounds | 醇、羧酸及相关化合物

📚 Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids and Related Compounds | 醇、羧酸及相关化合物

Alcohols and carboxylic acids are central functional groups in A-Level organic chemistry. This topic links structure, naming, physical properties, preparation, oxidation, esterification and condensation polymers, and it provides a foundation for understanding many related compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides.

醇和羧酸是 A-Level 有机化学的核心官能团。本主题将结构、命名、物理性质、制备、氧化、酯化和缩聚反应联系起来，为理解醛、酮、酯、酰氯和酸酐等相关化合物奠定基础。

1. Functional Groups and Homologous Series | 官能团与同系物

Alcohols are organic compounds containing at least one hydroxyl group, –OH, bonded to a saturated carbon atom. The homologous series of saturated monohydric alcohols has the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH or CₙH₂ₙ₊₂O.

醇是含有至少一个羟基(–OH)且羟基连接在饱和碳原子上的有机化合物。饱和一元醇同系物的通式为 CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH 或 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂O。

Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, –COOH, which combines a carbonyl C=O and a hydroxyl –OH on the same carbon. Related compounds in this topic include aldehydes (–CHO), ketones (C=O), esters (–COO–), acyl chlorides (–COCl) and acid anhydrides.

羧酸含羧基(–COOH)，它由同一碳上的羰基 C=O 和羟基 –OH 组成。本主题涉及的相关化合物包括醛(–CHO)、酮(C=O)、酯(–COO–)、酰氯(–COCl)和酸酐。

Understanding the functional group is essential because it controls the chemical behaviour of each family.

理解官能团十分重要，因为它决定了每一类化合物的化学行为。

2. Naming Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids | 醇和羧酸的命名

IUPAC names of alcohols are formed by identifying the longest carbon chain carrying the –OH group. The ending -e of the parent alkane is replaced by -ol, and a number is used if the position is ambiguous. Examples include methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol.

醇的 IUPAC 命名是先找出带有 –OH 的最长碳链，把母体烷烃词尾 -e 改为 -ol，如果位置不明确则加上编号。例如甲醇、乙醇、丙-1-醇、丙-2-醇和 2-甲基丙-2-醇。

Carboxylic acids are named by selecting the longest chain containing the –COOH group and replacing

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