Appendix 1: Amino Acid R Groups | 附录1：氨基酸 R 基团

📚 Appendix 1: Amino Acid R Groups | 附录1：氨基酸 R 基团

Amino acids are the monomer units from which all proteins are built. In the Cambridge International A-Level Biology specification, the R group, or side chain, is the part of an amino acid that varies between the 20 common amino acids and is responsible for the different chemical properties that allow proteins to fold into precise three-dimensional shapes.

氨基酸是构成所有蛋白质的单体单位。在剑桥国际 A-Level 生物课程中，R 基团（或称侧链）是 20 种常见氨基酸之间彼此不同的部分，正是这些不同的化学性质使蛋白质能够折叠成精确的三维形状。

1. Why R Groups Matter | 为什么 R 基团重要

The 20 standard amino acids all share the same basic backbone, but each has a unique R group. The R group determines the amino acid’s size, shape, charge, polarity and chemical reactivity.

20 种标准氨基酸具有相同的基本主链，但每一种都有独特的 R 基团。R 基团决定了氨基酸的大小、形状、电荷、极性和化学反应活性。

During protein folding, side chains interact with one another and with water. These interactions determine whether a chain forms an α-helix, a β-pleated sheet, a hydrophobic core, an active site or a binding surface.

在蛋白质折叠过程中，侧链彼此之间以及与

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