Chemical Equilibria and Acid-Base Equilibria | 化学平衡与酸碱平衡

📚 Chemical Equilibria and Acid-Base Equilibria | 化学平衡与酸碱平衡

In Edexcel A-Level Chemistry, equilibrium and acid-base equilibria are central to physical chemistry. These topics link reversible reactions, the quantitative meaning of Kc and Kp, and the behaviour of weak and strong acids in aqueous solution.

在爱德思 A-Level 化学中，化学平衡与酸碱平衡是物理化学的核心内容。这些主题把可逆反应、Kc 与 Kp 的定量意义以及水溶液中弱酸和强酸的行为紧密联系起来。

1. Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium | 可逆反应与动态平衡

Many reactions are reversible: the forward reaction and the backward reaction occur at the same time. When the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction, the system reaches dynamic equilibrium. At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant, but both reactions continue at the molecular level.

许多反应是可逆的：正反应和逆反应同时发生。当正反应速率等于逆反应速率时，体系达到动态平衡。达到平衡时，反应物和生成物的浓度保持不变，但在分子水平上两个反应仍在继续。

For the general equilibrium aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, the system is closed and the temperature is constant. A dynamic equilibrium can only be reached in a closed system so that no matter is lost.

对于一般的平衡 aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD，体系必须是封闭的且温度恒定。动态平衡只能在封闭体系中达到，这样才能保证没有物质流失。

2. The Equilibrium Constant Kc and Kp | 平衡常数 Kc 与 Kp

The equilibrium constant Kc is expressed in terms of equilibrium concentrations. For the reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, Kc = [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b. The square brackets mean concentration in mol dm⁻³.

平衡常数 Kc 用平衡浓度表示。对于反应 aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD，Kc = [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b。方括号表示浓度，单位为 mol dm⁻³。

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