Devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland | 苏格兰、威尔士与北爱尔兰的权力下放

📚 Devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland | 苏格兰、威尔士与北爱尔兰的权力下放

Devolution refers to the statutory transfer of powers from the Parliament of the United Kingdom to the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Senedd and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Although the UK remains a unitary state in constitutional theory, devolution has created a multi-level system of governance. Understanding the distinct settlements in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland is essential for A-Level Government and Politics candidates, especially for Edexcel Component 2.

权力下放是指联合王国议会依法将权力移交给苏格兰议会、威尔士议会和北爱尔兰议会。尽管理论上英国仍是单一制国家，但权力下放已形成多层治理体系。理解苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰不同的制度安排是 A-Level 政府与政治考生的重点，尤其对 Edexcel 第二单元而言。

1. What is Devolution? | 什么是权力下放？

Devolution should not be confused with federalism. In a federal state, sovereignty is divided between central and regional governments by a constitution, and neither level can abolish the other. In the UK, Parliament remains legally sovereign and can, in principle, repeal or amend the devolution statutes. Devolution is therefore a delegation of powers that can be reversed, although political convention makes such reversal highly unlikely.

权力下放不能与联邦制混淆。联邦制下，中央与地区政府通过宪法划分主权，任何一级都不能废除另一级。在英国，议会仍然拥有法律主权，原则上可以废除或修改权力下放法令。因此权力下放是一种可以逆转的权力授予，尽管政治惯例使这种逆转极不可能发生。

• Devolution is statutory: it is created by Acts of Parliament, not by a written constitution.
  权力下放是法定的：由议会法令确立，而非成文宪法。
• Devolution is asymmetrical: Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have different powers.
  权力下放是不对称的：苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰拥有不同权力。
• Devolved bodies are democratically elected using different electoral systems.
  下放机构由不同选举制度民主选举产生。
• Reserved powers remain with Westminster, such as defence, foreign policy and constitutional matters.
  国防、外交和宪法等保留权力仍归威斯敏斯特。

2. The Scotland Act 1998 and Scottish Parliament | 1998年苏格兰法令与苏格兰议会

The Scotland Act 1998 established the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Executive, now the Scottish Government. The Parliament is unicameral and sits at Holyrood in Edinburgh. It has 129 Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) elected by the Additional Member System (AMS), a form of proportional representation.

1998年苏格兰法令设立了苏格兰议会和苏格兰行政机构（现苏格兰政府）。议会为一院制，设在爱丁堡荷里路德。共有129名苏格兰议会议员，采用附加议员制选举，这是一种比例代表制。

73 constituency MSPs + 56 regional MSPs = 129 MSPs

Scotland has primary legislative powers over a wide range of domestic matters, including health, education, local government, justice, policing, agriculture, environment, housing and transport. These are known as devolved matters. Reserved matters include the constitution, foreign affairs, defence, immigration, macroeconomic policy and most social security.

苏格兰在卫生、教育、地方政府、司法、警务、农业、环境、住房和交通等广泛国内事务上拥有主要立法权，这些被称为下放事务。保留事务包括宪法、外交、国防、移民、宏观经济政策和大部分社会保障。

3. Devolved Powers in Scotland | 苏格兰的下放权力

The Scottish Parliament can pass Acts of Parliament within devolved areas and can vary the rate of income tax, though it has not always used this power fully. The Scotland Act 2012 and Scotland Act 2016

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