📚 Different Electoral Systems | 不同的选举制度
Electoral systems are the rules by which votes are translated into seats in a legislature. In the UK, several systems are used for different levels of government, and each shapes party competition, representation and government formation in distinct ways.
选举制度是将选票转化为立法机构席位的规则。在英国，不同层级的政府使用多种选举制度，每种制度以不同方式塑造政党竞争、代表性和政府组成。
1. What is an electoral system? | 什么是选举制度？
An electoral system determines how citizens’ votes are converted into elected representatives. It sets the ballot structure, the number of members per constituency and the formula for allocating seats.
选举制度决定公民的选票如何转化为当选代表。它规定选票结构、每个选区的议员人数以及席位分配公式。
Electoral systems are usually classified as majoritarian, proportional or mixed. Majoritarian systems tend to produce single-party governments; proportional systems tend to produce coalitions.
选举制度通常分为多数制、比例代表制和混合制。多数制往往产生单一政党政府；比例制往往产生联合政府。
2. First Past the Post (FPTP) | 简单多数制（FPTP）
FPTP is used for UK general elections. The country is divided into 650 constituencies, each electing one MP. Voters mark one candidate with an X, and the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they do not secure an absolute majority.
英国大选使用简单多数制。全国分为 650 个选区，各选出一名议员。选民在一个候选人旁打 X，得票最多的候选人获胜，即便未获得绝对多数。
This system is sometimes called plurality voting because the winner only needs more votes than each rival, not more than half of all votes cast.
这种制度有时称为相对多数投票制，因为获胜者只需要比每个对手多票，而不需要超过所有选票的一半。
3. How FPTP outcomes are calculated | 简单多数制的计票方式
In each constituency, votes are counted separately. The candidate with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, and all other votes have no direct effect on the national seat share.
在每个选区，选票单独统计。得票最多的候选人宣布获胜，所有其他选票对全国席位份额没有直接影响。
A party’s total number of seats is simply the number of constituencies it has won. Therefore, the link between a party’s national vote share and its seat share can be highly disproportional.
一个政党的总席位就是其赢得的选区数量。因此，政党的全国得票率与席位份额之间的关系可能高度不成比例。
4. Advantages of FPTP | 简单多数制的优点
FPTP usually produces a clear winner, allowing a single party to form a stable government without coalition bargaining. The 2019 general election gave the Conservatives an 80-seat majority on 43.6% of the vote.
简单多数制通常产生明确的赢家，使单一政党无需联合谈判即可组建稳定政府。2019 年大选使保守党以 43.6% 的得票率获得 80 席多数。
It creates a direct link between an MP and a geographical constituency, making representatives locally accountable. It also makes it easy for voters to understand and for officials to count.
它在议员与地理选区之间建立了直接联系，使代表对地方负责。它也使选民容易理解，官员容易计票。
Extremist parties are less likely to win seats under FPTP because they must win a plurality in a specific area rather than a small share of the national vote.
极端政党在简单多数制下较难赢得席位，因为它们必须在特定地区赢得相对多数，而非仅靠全国选票的小份额。
5. Disadvantages of FPTP | 简单多数制的缺点
FPTP is highly disproportional. In 2015, UKIP won 12.6% of the vote but only one seat, while the SNP won 4.7% and 56 seats because its support was geographically concentrated.
简单多数制高度不成比例。2015 年，英国独立党获得 12.6% 的选票却仅得一席，而苏格兰民族党获得 4.7% 的选票却得到 56 席，因为其支持在地理上集中。
It creates safe seats where the outcome is rarely in doubt, leading many voters to feel their votes are wasted. This can depress turnout and encourage tactical voting, where voters choose a less preferred candidate to keep out a worse one.
它产生了结果几乎无悬念的安全席位，导致许多选民感到自己的选票被浪费。这可能降低投票率并鼓励策略性投票，即选民选择不太喜欢的候选人以阻止更差的候选人当选。
Governments can win power on a minority of the popular vote, raising questions about the strength of their mandate.
政府可能以少数普选票掌权，这引发对其授权强度的质疑。
6. Additional Member System (AMS) | 附加议员制（AMS）
AMS is a mixed system used for the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Senedd and the London Assembly. Voters have two votes: one for a constituency MSP/AM using FPTP, and one for a regional list.
附加议员制是一种混合制，用于苏格兰议会、威尔士议会和伦敦议会。选民有两票：一票通过简单多数制选选区议员，另一票投给地区名单。
The list seats are allocated to make the overall result broadly proportional, using a formula such as the D’Hondt divisor method. The total number of seats each party wins should more closely reflect its regional vote share.
名单席位按照使总体结果大致成比例的公式分配，例如 D’Hondt 除数法。每个政党赢得的席位总数应更接近反映其地区得票率。
7. How AMS works in practice | 附加议员制的实际运作
For example, the Scottish Parliament has 73 constituency MSPs and 56 regional list MSPs. Parties that win many constituency seats receive fewer list seats, while parties with broad but thinly spread support gain compensation seats.
例如，苏格兰议会有 73 名选区议员和 56 名地区名单议员。赢得许多选区席位的政党获得较少名单席位，而支持广泛但分散的政党获得补偿席位。
Voters can split their tickets, supporting a local candidate from one party and a regional list from another. This increases voter choice compared with FPTP.
选民可以拆分选票，支持一个政党的本地候选人，同时支持另一个政党的地区名单。与简单多数制相比，这增加了选民选择。
8. Advantages and disadvantages of AMS | 附加议员制的优缺点
AMS produces a more proportional outcome than FPTP and maintains a constituency link through the FPTP component. It tends to produce coalition or minority governments, as seen regularly in Scotland and Wales.
附加议员制比简单多数制产生更成比例的结果，并通过简单多数制部分维持选区联系。它往往产生联合政府或少数政府，这在苏格兰和威尔士经常出现。
However, AMS creates two classes of representative: constituency members and list members. List members may be seen as less directly accountable, and the system can be harder for voters to understand.
然而，附加议员制产生了两类代表：选区议员和名单议员。名单议员可能被视为问责性较弱，而且该制度对选民来说较难理解。
The two-vote structure can also lead to tactical use of the list vote, and the additional member component may allow small parties to gain influence disproportionate to their support.
两票结构还可能导致对名单票的策略性使用，而附加议员部分可能使小党获得与其支持不成比例的影响力。
9. Single Transferable Vote (STV) | 单一可转移投票制（STV）
STV is used in Northern Ireland Assembly elections and Scottish local elections. Voters rank candidates in order of preference (1,2,3…). Multi-member constituencies elect several representatives, usually 3 to 5.
单一可转移投票制用于北爱尔兰议会选举和苏格兰地方选举。选民按偏好顺序排列候选人（1、2、3…）。多议员选区选出若干代表，通常 3 至 5 名。
STV gives voters maximum choice within and across parties, and its results are broadly proportional. It reduces safe seats because every preference can influence who is elected.
单一可转移投票制在政党内外给予选民最大选择，其结果大致成比例。它减少安全席位，因为每个偏好都可能影响谁当选。
10. STV quota and outcomes | 单一可转移投票制的配额与结果
To be elected, a candidate must reach a quota. The Droop quota is calculated as follows:
候选人必须达到一个配额才能当选。Droop 配额的计算方法如下：
Quota = (valid votes ÷ (seats + 1)) + 1
Surplus votes from elected candidates and votes from eliminated candidates are transferred according to voters’ next preferences.
当选候选人的多余选票和被淘汰候选人的选票根据选民的下一偏好转移。
However, counting is complex and can take longer. The link between a representative and a smaller geographical area may be weaker because constituencies are larger, and the transfer process can produce unpredictable results.
然而，计票复杂且耗时较长。由于选区较大，代表与较小地理区域之间的联系可能较弱，而且转移过程可能产生难以预测的结果。
11. Supplementary Vote (SV) | 补充投票制（SV）
SV was used for electing Police and Crime Commissioners, and for directly elected mayors in England. Voters mark a first and second choice. If no candidate gets over 50% of first-choice votes, all but the top two are eliminated, and second-choice votes from eliminated candidates are transferred to the remaining two.
补充投票制曾用于选举警务与犯罪专员以及英格兰直选市长。选民标记第一和第二选择。如果没有候选人获得超过 50% 的第一选择票，则除前两名外全部淘汰，被淘汰候选人的第二选择票转移给剩余两名候选人。
SV ensures the winner has majority support, but because only two candidates remain, it does not guarantee proportionality and can still produce wasted votes.
补充投票制确保获胜者获得多数支持，但由于只剩下两名候选人，它不能保证比例性，仍可能产生废票。
12. Comparing electoral systems and key debates | 选举制度比较与关键辩论
The choice of electoral system involves trade-offs between proportionality, strong government, constituency representation and voter choice. No system is perfect on all criteria.
选举制度的选择涉及在比例性、强政府、选区代表性和选民选择之间的权衡。没有一种制度在所有标准上都完美。
FPTP favours strong, single-party government but weak proportionality. AMS and STV improve proportionality but often lead to coalitions or minority government. SV is a majoritarian compromise that ensures the winner has broad local support.
简单多数制有利于强大的单一政党政府，但比例性弱。附加议员制和单一可转移投票制提高了比例性，但常导致联合政府或少数政府。补充投票制是一种多数制折中，确保获胜者获得广泛的本地支持。
For Edexcel papers, be ready to evaluate these systems using concepts such as mandate, democracy, representation, strong government, voter choice and proportional outcomes.
就 Edexcel 考试而言，要准备好使用授权、民主、代表性、强政府、选民选择和比例结果等概念来评价这些制度。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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