The Additional Member System, Single Transferable Vote and Supplementary Vote: Advantages and Disadvantages | 附加会员制、单一可转移投票制与补充投票制：优缺点分析

📚 The Additional Member System, Single Transferable Vote and Supplementary Vote: Advantages and Disadvantages | 附加会员制、单一可转移投票制与补充投票制：优缺点分析

This article explains three voting systems used in the UK and elsewhere: the Additional Member System (AMS), the Single Transferable Vote (STV) and the Supplementary Vote (SV).

本文讲解英国及其他地区使用的三种选举制度：附加会员制（AMS）、单一可转移投票制（STV）和补充投票制（SV）。

For Edexcel A Level Politics, you need to know how each system works and be able to evaluate its advantages and disadvantages.

在Edexcel A Level Politics考试中，你需要掌握每种制度的运作方式，并能评价其优缺点。

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1. Introduction to Electoral Systems | 选举制度简介

An electoral system is the set of rules that converts votes into seats. It affects party competition, government formation and the link between voters and representatives.

选举制度是将选票转化为席位的一套规则。它影响政党竞争、政府组建以及选民与代表之间的联系。

Electoral systems are usually classified as majoritarian, proportional or mixed. AMS is a mixed system, STV is a proportional system, and SV is a majoritarian system.

选举制度通常分为多数制、比例代表制和混合制。AMS属于混合制，STV属于比例代表制，SV属于多数制。

In the UK, different systems are used for different bodies, so comparing them is a key A Level skill.

在英国，不同机构使用不同的选举制度，因此比较这些制度是A Level考试的关键技能。

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2. How the Additional Member System Works | 附加会员制的运作方式

The Additional Member System combines single-member constituencies with regional party lists. Each voter has two votes: one for a constituency representative and one for a party list.

附加会员制将单席位选区与地区政党名单相结合。每位选民有两票：一票选选区代表，一票选政党名单。

Constituency seats are decided by first-past-the-post. List seats are then allocated to make the overall result more proportional, often using the D’Hondt formula.

选区席位通过简单多数制（FPTP）决定。随后分配名单席位，使总体结果更具比例性，通常使用D’Hondt公式。

AMS is used for the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Senedd and the London Assembly.

AMS用于苏格兰议会、威尔士议会和伦敦议会。

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3. Advantages of AMS | 附加会员制的优点

AMS is more proportional than FPTP because the list seats compensate smaller parties. This gives voters a wider range of parties in parliament.

AMS比FPTP更具比例性，因为名单席位补偿了较小的政党。这让选民在议会中有更广泛的政党选择。

The system keeps a direct constituency link through constituency representatives. Voters can also split their two votes, supporting one party locally and another regionally.

该制度通过选区代表保留了直接的选区联系。选民还可以分开投两票，在地方支持一个政党，在地区支持另一个政党。

This flexibility allows voters to express more nuanced preferences than under FPTP.

这种灵活性使选民能够表达比FPTP更细致的偏好。

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4. Disadvantages of AMS | 附加会员制的缺点

AMS creates two classes of representatives: constituency members and list members. List members may be seen as less accountable because they do not represent a specific local constituency.

AMS产生了两类代表：选区会员和名单会员。名单会员可能被认为问责性较弱，因为他们不代表特定的地方选区。

The system often produces coalition or minority governments, which some voters see as less stable. It is also more complex than FPTP, and some voters may not fully understand how list seats are allocated.

该制度常常产生联合政府或少数政府，一些选民认为这不够稳定。它也比FPTP更复杂，一些选民可能不完全理解名单席位如何分配。

Party control over the order of candidates on the regional list can also be undemocratic, because voters cannot choose between individual list candidates.

政党对地区名单上候选人顺序的控制也可能是不民主的，因为选民不能在名单候选人之间进行选择。

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5. How the Single Transferable Vote Works | 单一可转移投票制的运作方式

The Single Transferable Vote uses multi-member constituencies. Voters rank candidates in order of preference, writing 1, 2, 3 and so on.

单一可转移投票制使用多席位选区。选民按照偏好顺序为候选人排名，写下1、2、3等。

To win a seat, candidates must reach a quota. The Droop quota is commonly used:

要赢得席位，候选人必须达到一个配额。通常使用德鲁普配额：

Droop quota = (total valid votes ÷ (seats + 1)) + 1

If a candidate reaches the quota, their surplus votes are transferred to

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