The Structure of the Kidney | 肾脏的结构

📚 The Structure of the Kidney | 肾脏的结构

The kidneys are paired excretory organs that play a central role in homeostasis. They remove nitrogenous waste such as urea, regulate water and electrolyte balance, maintain acid-base equilibrium, and secrete hormones including erythropoietin. A clear understanding of kidney structure is essential in A-Level Biology because the arrangement of blood vessels and tubules directly explains how filtration, selective reabsorption and osmoregulation occur.

肾脏是成对的排泄器官，在体内稳态中发挥核心作用。肾脏清除尿素等含氮废物，调节水盐平衡，维持酸碱平衡，并分泌促红细胞生成素等激素。在 A-Level 生物中，理解肾脏结构至关重要，因为血管和肾小管的排列方式直接解释了滤过、选择性重吸收和渗透调节是如何发生的。

1. Position and Gross External Structure | 位置与大体外部结构

Each kidney is a bean-shaped organ about 10–12 cm long, located retroperitoneally on the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of the vertebral column between T12 and L3. The right kidney usually lies slightly lower than the left because the liver occupies space above it.

每个肾脏是一个豆形器官，长约 10–12 cm，位于腹膜后的腹后壁，脊柱两侧，约在第 12 胸椎至第 3 腰椎之间。右肾通常略低于左肾，因为肝脏占据了其上方的空间。

The concave medial border contains a slit called the hilum, through

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