Wage Determination in Perfect Markets | 完全市场中的工资决定

📚 Wage Determination in Perfect Markets | 完全市场中的工资决定

In a perfectly competitive labour market, the wage rate is determined by the interaction of labour demand and labour supply. No individual firm or worker can influence the market wage; both are wage takers. This topic explains how firms decide how many workers to hire and how the equilibrium wage emerges.

在完全竞争的劳动力市场中，工资率由劳动力需求与劳动力供给的相互作用决定。单个企业或单个工人都无法影响市场工资，二者都是工资接受者。本主题解释企业如何决定雇佣多少工人，以及均衡工资如何形成。

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1. The Perfect Labour Market: Assumptions | 完全劳动力市场：假设条件

A perfectly competitive labour market rests on several key assumptions. They simplify reality and allow economists to isolate the forces that determine wages.

完全竞争的劳动力市场建立在几个关键假设之上。这些假设简化了现实，使经济学家能够单独分析决定工资的力量。

There must be many buyers and sellers of labour, so no single employer or worker can influence the wage rate. All labour is assumed to be homogeneous, meaning workers have identical skills and productivity.

市场上必须存在大量劳动力的买者和卖者，因此没有一个雇主或工人能够影响工资率。所有劳动力被假定为同质的，即工人具有相同的技能和生产率。

Perfect information is assumed, so workers and firms know all available jobs and wage rates. There are no barriers to entry or exit, allowing workers to move freely between jobs and industries.

假设信息完全，因此工人和企业都知道所有可获得的职位和工资率。进入和退出没有障碍，工人可以在不同工作和行业之间自由流动。

Finally, both firms and workers are wage takers. A competitive firm can hire as many workers as it wants at the market wage, and each worker must accept the market wage.

最后，企业和工人都是工资接受者。竞争性企业可以按市场工资雇佣任意数量的工人，每个工人也只能接受市场工资。

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2. Derived Demand for Labour | 劳动力的派生需求

Labour is not demanded for its own sake but because firms need it to produce goods and services. Economists call this derived demand, since the demand for labour is derived from the demand for the output it produces.

劳动力本身并不是最终需求对象，企业需要劳动力是为了生产商品和服务。经济学家称之为派生需求，因为劳动力需求来源于对其所生产产品的需求。

If consumer demand for a product rises, firms need more workers to increase output, so the demand for labour shifts to the right. Conversely, a fall in product demand reduces the derived demand for labour.

如果消费者对某种产品的需求上升，企业需要更多工人来增加产量，因此劳动力需求向右移动。相反，产品需求下降会减少对劳动力的派生需求。

This means that labour demand is linked to conditions in product markets, not just to wages. A highly productive worker is valuable only if the output they produce can be sold at a profit.

这意味着劳动力需求不仅与工资有关，还与产品市场状况相关。一个高生产率的工人只有在他们生产的产品能够盈利出售时才有价值。

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3. Marginal Revenue Product Theory | 边际收益产品理论

The marginal revenue product of labour (MRP) is the extra revenue a firm earns from employing one more worker. It is calculated as the marginal physical product of labour multiplied by marginal revenue.

劳动力的边际收益产品（MRP）是企业多雇佣一个工人所获得的额外收益。它的计算方法是用劳动力的边际实物产品乘以边际收益。

MRP = MPP × MR

Here MPP is the marginal physical product of labour: the extra output produced by one additional worker. MR is the marginal revenue from selling that extra output.

这里 MPP 是劳动力的边际实物产品，即多雇佣一个工人所生产的额外产量。MR 是出售这些额外产出所获得的边际收益。

In a perfectly competitive product market, the firm sells output at a constant market price, so marginal revenue equals price. The formula becomes:

在完全竞争的产品市场中，企业按不变的市场价格出售产品，因此边际收益等于价格。公式变为：

MRP = MPP × Price = Value of Marginal Product (VMP)

As more workers are hired with a fixed amount of capital, the marginal physical product of labour eventually falls due to the law of diminishing returns. This makes the MRP curve downward sloping.

随着在固定资本条件下雇佣更多工人，劳动力的边际实物产品最终会因边际收益递减规律而下降。这使 MRP 曲线向下倾斜。

The MRP curve is therefore the firm’s demand curve for labour. A profit-maximising firm will keep hiring workers as long as MRP is greater than or equal to the wage rate.

因此，MRP 曲线就是企业的劳动力需求曲线。只要 MRP 大于或等于工资率，追求利润最大化的企业就会继续雇佣工人。

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4. The Individual Firm’s Demand Curve for Labour | 单个企业的劳动力需求曲线

A profit-maximising firm in a perfect labour market hires workers until the marginal cost of hiring an extra worker equals the marginal revenue product of that worker.

在完全劳动力市场中，追求利润最大化的企业会持续雇佣工人，直到多雇佣一个工人的边际成本等于该工人的边际收益产品。

Because the firm is a wage taker, the marginal cost of labour (MCL) is simply the market wage rate W. The profit-maximising hiring rule is therefore:

由于企业是工资接受者，劳动力的边际成本（MCL）就是市场工资率 W。因此利润最大化的雇佣规则是：

MRP = MCL = W

If the wage is higher than MRP, employing an extra worker adds more to cost than to revenue, so the firm reduces employment. If the wage is lower than MRP, hiring additional workers adds more to revenue than to cost, so the firm expands employment.

如果工资高于 MRP，多雇佣一个工人增加的成本大于增加的收益，企业就会减少雇佣。如果工资低于 MRP，多雇佣工人增加的收益大于增加的成本，企业就会扩大雇佣。

Therefore, the firm’s demand curve for labour is the downward-sloping portion of its MRP curve. This curve shows the quantity of labour the firm is willing to hire at each possible wage rate.

因此，企业的劳动力需求曲线就是其 MRP 曲线向下倾斜的部分。这条曲线表示企业在每一种可能工资率下愿意雇佣的劳动数量。

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5. Determinants of Labour Demand | 劳动力需求的决定因素

The position of the labour demand curve depends on several factors. A shift to the right means firms want to hire more workers at every wage; a shift to the left means fewer workers are demanded at every wage.

劳动力需求曲线的位置取决于多个因素。曲线右移表示在每个工资水平上企业想雇佣更多工人；曲线左移表示在每个工资水平上需求更少工人。

Determinant | 因素	Effect | 影响
Product demand | 产品需求	Higher demand for output increases labour demand | 产品需求上升增加劳动力需求
Labour productivity | 劳动生产率	Higher MPP shifts the MRP curve to the right | MPP 提高使 MRP 曲线右移
Output price | 产出价格	A higher product price raises MRP at each employment level | 产品价格上升提高每个雇佣水平下的 MRP
Capital costs and technology | 资本成本与技术	May increase or decrease labour demand depending on substitution and scale effects | 取决于替代效应和规模效应，可能增加或减少劳动力需求

A change in the wage rate causes a movement along the labour demand curve, while changes in these other determinants cause the whole demand curve to shift.

工资率的变化会导致沿劳动力需求曲线的

Published by TutorHao | A-Level Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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