📚 AS AQA Chemistry Insert 1 (Jan 2022) | AS AQA 化学2022年1月考试插页1完整指南
The January 2022 AQA AS Chemistry paper included a data booklet, formally known as “Insert 1”, containing essential reference data. This insert is a vital tool for solving calculations, interpreting spectra and understanding periodic trends. Mastering its layout and knowing how to extract information quickly can significantly improve your exam performance.
2022年1月的AQA AS化学试卷附带了一份数据手册，官方称为“插页1”，其中包含关键的参考数据。该插页是解决计算题、解读谱图和理解周期趋势的重要工具。熟练掌握其布局并快速提取信息，能显著提升你的考试成绩。
1. What is Insert 1? | 什么是插页1？
Insert 1 is a printed booklet provided with every AQA AS Chemistry paper. It is not a question paper; it is a collection of data that you may refer to during the exam. The data includes the periodic table, physical constants, and spectroscopic data such as infrared absorption frequencies.
插页1是AQA AS化学试卷附带的一份印刷手册。它不是试卷，而是考试期间可以查阅的数据集合。这些数据包括元素周期表、物理常数以及红外吸收频率等光谱数据。
You are allowed to use this insert throughout the whole exam, but you must not write on it. You should become familiar with its contents before entering the exam hall, so you do not waste time searching for data.
你可以在整个考试期间使用此插页，但不允许在上面书写。进入考场前，你应熟悉其内容，以免在考试中浪费时间寻找数据。
The January 2022 version followed the same format as other AS inserts, but the exact values or tables may have been updated. Always check the data given in the specific paper you are sitting.
2022年1月的版本与其他AS插页格式相同，但具体数值或表格可能有所更新。考试时务必查看你所用试卷中给出的具体数据。
2. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表
The periodic table in Insert 1 is the most used element in the insert. It shows elements with their atomic numbers, symbols and relative atomic masses. For AS chemistry, you are expected to use this table to calculate relative formula masses, moles and concentrations.
插页1中的元素周期表是使用率最高的部分。它显示了元素的原子序数、符号和相对原子质量。对于AS化学，你需要用这张表来计算相对分子质量、物质的量和浓度。
The table is arranged in periods and groups. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of outer-shell electrons. You should be able to use the table to explain trends in ionisation energy and electronegativity.
周期表按周期和族排列。同族元素具有相似的化学性质，因为它们最外层电子数相同。你应该能够利用该表解释电离能和电负性的变化趋势。
For example, the first ionisation energy generally increases across Period 3 from sodium to chlorine, but there is a drop between magnesium and aluminium, and between phosphorus and sulfur. These anomalies can be explained using subshell structures.
例如，第三周期从钠到氯的第一电离能总体上增大，但镁与铝之间、磷与硫之间存在下降。这些异常可以用亚层结构来解释。
Remember that the periodic table gives relative atomic masses – these are weighted averages of all naturally occurring isotopes. Use these values for mole calculations unless the question gives a specific isotope mass.
请记住，周期表给出的是相对原子质量——这是所有天然同位素的加权平均值。除非题目给出特定同位素质量，否则在摩尔计算中使用这些值。
3. Physical Constants | 物理常数
Insert 1 includes a set of physical constants that you may need for calculations. The Avogadro constant (ₐ) is 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹, the molar gas volume is 24.0 dm³ mol⁻¹ at room temperature and pressure, and the ideal gas constant (R) is 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹.
插页1包含一系列计算所需的物理常数。阿伏伽德罗常数ₐ为6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹，室温常压下的摩尔气体体积为24.0 dm³ mol⁻¹，理想气体常数R为8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹。
These constants are essential for solving problems involving moles, gas volumes, and energy changes. For example, to find the number of moles of gas from its volume, use the equation:
这些常数对解决涉及摩尔、气体体积和能量变化的问题至关重要。例如，从气体体积计算物质的量，可使用以下方程：
n = V / 24.0 (at room temperature and pressure)
n = V / 24.0 （室温常压下）
Another important constant is the Faraday constant (F) = 9.65 × 10⁴ C mol⁻¹, though electrochemistry is usually not assessed in AS. Still, it may appear in a data section for context.
另一个重要常数是法拉第常数F = 9.65 × 10⁴ C mol⁻¹，尽管电化学通常不在AS中考查，但它可能出现在数据部分作为背景信息。
You should memorise the units of these constants, because using the wrong unit will lead to incorrect answers. For example, the gas constant R is often given in J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, so energy in calculations must be in joules.
你应该牢记这些常数的单位，因为单位错误会导致答案错误。例如，气体常数R常用J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹，因此计算中的能量必须使用焦耳。
4. Infrared Absorption Data | 红外吸收数据
The infrared (IR) data table in Insert 1 lists typical absorption ranges for various bonds. This information is used to identify functional groups in organic molecules. For AS chemistry, you need to know the key absorptions for O–H, C=O, C–O, C–H and N–H bonds.
插页1中的红外数据表列出了各种化学键的典型吸收范围。这些信息用于识别有机分子中的官能团。对于AS化学，你需要知道O–H、C=O、C–O、C–H和N–H键的关键吸收峰。
A typical data table might show:
典型的数据表可能如下：
| Bond | 化学键 | Wavenumber (cm⁻¹) | 波数 (cm⁻¹) |
| O–H (alcohol) | 醇中的O–H | 3200–3600 |
| O–H (carboxylic acid) | 羧酸中的O–H | 2500–3300 (broad) | 宽峰 |
| C=O | 羰基 | 1630–1820 |
| C–O | 碳氧单键 | 1000–1300 |
| C–H | 碳氢键 | 2850–3100 |
| N–H | 氮氢键 | 3300–3500 |
In an exam question, you may be given the IR spectrum of an unknown compound and asked to determine the functional groups present. For example, a strong absorption at 1700 cm⁻¹ suggests a carbonyl group, while a broad peak at 3300 cm⁻¹ indicates an alcohol O–H.
在考试题目中，你可能会得到未知化合物的红外光谱，并要求判断所含官能团。例如，1700 cm⁻¹处的强吸收峰表明存在羰基，而3300 cm⁻¹处的宽峰表明存在醇羟基。
Always quote the data from the insert explicitly in your answer, for example “absorption at 1700 cm⁻¹ indicates C=O”. This shows the examiner that you are using the provided data correctly.
答题时务必明确引用插页中的数据，例如“1700 cm⁻¹处的吸收峰表明C=O”。这向考官表明你正确使用了所给数据。
5. Other Useful Data | 其他有用数据
Aside from the periodic table, constants and IR data, Insert 1 may also contain standard reduction potentials (though not assessed in AS), ionisation energies for selected elements, and bond enthalpy values. For the January 2022 paper, the insert likely included the standard data required for the questions that appeared.
除周期表、常数和红外数据外，插页1还可能包含标准还原电位（虽然AS不考）、所选元素的电离能以及键焓值。对于2022年1月的试卷，插页很可能包含当次考试题目所需的标准数据。
One common section is the list of first ionisation energies for elements across a period. This data helps you discuss trends and anomalies. For example, the first ionisation energy of boron is lower than that of beryllium because the 2p electron in boron is further from the nucleus and is shielded by the 2s electrons.
一个常见部分是某一周期元素的第一电离能列表。这些数据帮助你讨论趋势和异常。例如，硼的第一电离能低于铍，因为硼的2p电子离核更远，且受到2s电子的屏蔽。
You may also see bond enthalpy values, such as the average bond energies for C–H, C–C, O=O etc. These are used in Hess’s law or enthalpy cycle calculations. Always remember that bond breaking is endothermic (positive ΔH), while bond making is exothermic (negative ΔH).
你还会看到键焓值，例如C–H、C–C、O=O等的平均键能。这些用于盖斯定律或焓循环计算。请记住，断键是吸热过程（ΔH为正），成键是放热过程（ΔH为负）。
6. How to Use the Insert Effectively | 如何高效使用插页
Do not read the insert like a textbook. Instead, learn to locate specific data quickly. For example, to find the relative atomic mass of chlorine, look at the periodic table, not at the constants page. For IR data, always check the wavenumber scale on the spectrum, then match it with the table.
不要把插页当作教科书来阅读。要学会快速定位特定数据。例如，要查找氯的相对原子质量，应看周期表而不是常数页。对于红外数据，先看光谱上的波数刻度，再与表对照。
Underline or tabulate the sections of the insert in your revision notes. Practice using the insert while solving past papers, so that in the real exam you are already familiar with the layout.
在复习笔记中，对插页的各个部分进行标记或列表。练习在解答往年真题时使用插页，这样在真实考试中你已熟悉其布局。
Always check the units given in the insert. For instance, the molar gas volume is given in dm³ mol⁻¹, but the question may provide the volume in cm³. Convert cm³ to dm³ by dividing by 1000 before using the formula.
始终检查插页中给出的单位。例如，摩尔气体体积以dm³ mol⁻¹为单位，但题目给出的体积可能以cm³为单位。使用公式前，需将cm³除以1000转换为dm³。
If the insert contains a spectrum or a table, read the labels carefully. A common mistake is using the IR absorption of a C=O group (around 1700 cm⁻¹) when the spectrum actually shows a C–O stretch (around 1100 cm⁻¹).
如果插页包含谱图或表格，请仔细阅读标签。一个常见错误是当光谱实际显示的是C–O伸缩振动（约1100 cm⁻¹）时，却使用了C=O基团的吸收（约1700 cm⁻¹）。
7. Common Pitfalls | 常见误区
Many students lose marks because they do not use the insert at all. They try to recall data from memory instead of consulting the provided tables. Memory can be unreliable; the insert is there to help you.
许多学生因为没有使用插页而失分。他们试图凭记忆回忆数据，而不是查阅所给表格。记忆并不可靠，插页就是用来帮助你的。
Another mistake is using the wrong form of a constant. For example, the Avogadro constant is 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹, but sometimes students write 6.02 × 10²³ without the unit “per mole”. This leads to dimensionally incorrect answers.
另一个错误是使用了错误形式的常数。例如，阿伏伽德罗常数为6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹，但有时学生写成6.02 × 10²³而没有“每摩尔”单位，这会导致答案量纲错误。
When using IR data, do not ignore the shape of the peak. A broad peak between 2500 and 3300 cm⁻¹ is characteristic of a carboxylic acid O–H, not an alcohol. Alcohol O–H is typically broad but more centred around 3300 cm⁻¹.
使用红外数据时，不要忽略峰的形状。2500–3300 cm⁻¹之间的宽峰是羧酸O–H的特征，而不是醇。醇的O–H峰通常也较宽，但中心更接近3300 cm⁻¹。
Also, remember that the periodic table gives relative atomic masses, which are averages. If you use the nearest whole number for a mole calculation, you might introduce a small error. Use the exact value given in the insert.
此外，请记住周期表给出的是相对原子质量，这是平均值。如果在摩尔计算中使用最接近的整数，可能会引入小误差。请使用插页中给出的精确值。
8. Application in Exam Questions | 在考试题中的应用
Section A of the AS paper contains multiple-choice questions. Some of these may ask you to use data from the insert, such as calculating the number of atoms in a given mass using the Avogadro constant.
AS试卷的A部分包含多项选择题。其中一些可能要求你使用插页中的数据，例如利用阿伏伽德罗常数计算给定质量中的原子数。
Section B includes short-answer and calculation questions. You might be given a mass spectrum and asked to identify a compound using the peak values, or be given an IR spectrum and asked to suggest a structure.
B部分包括简答题和计算题。你可能得到一张质谱图，要求利用峰位值识别化合物，或得到一张红外光谱，要求推断结构。
In energetics questions, you may need to use bond enthalpies provided in the insert to calculate ΔH of a reaction. For example:
在能量学问题中，你可能需要使用插页中提供的键焓来计算反应的ΔH。例如：
ΔH = Σ(bond enthalpies of reactants) – Σ(bond enthalpies of products)
ΔH = Σ(反应物键焓) – Σ(生成物键焓)
Always write out the steps of your calculation and state units clearly. If you use a data value from the insert, mention it explicitly, e.g. “using the bond energy for C–H = 412 kJ mol⁻¹ from the insert”.
始终写出计算步骤并清晰注明单位。如果你使用了插页中的数据，请明确提及，例如“使用插页中C–H键能为412 kJ mol⁻¹”。
9. Revision Strategies for Using the Insert | 使用插页的复习策略
Make a summary sheet that lists the exact data available in the insert. For example, write down the key IR absorption ranges and the values of constants. Review this sheet regularly before the exam.
制作一张摘要表，列出插页中可用的确切数据。例如，写下关键红外吸收范围和常数的值。考试前定期复习这张表。
Practise past papers under timed conditions and always have the insert open. This simulates the real exam environment and trains your brain to switch quickly between questions and data.
在限时条件下练习往年真题，并始终打开插页。这模拟了真实考试环境，训练你的大脑在问题和数据之间快速切换。
Learn the common trends and anomalies associated with the periodic table, such as the drop in ionisation energy at group 3 and group 6. The insert gives you the data, but you must be able to explain the reasons using electron configuration and shielding.
学习周期表相关的常见趋势和异常，例如第3族和第6族电离能下降。插页提供数据，但你必须能够用电子排布和屏蔽效应解释原因。
For organic chemistry, focus on how to match IR absorptions to functional groups. Create flashcards with the bond type and wavenumber range. Test yourself by looking at unknown spectra from past papers.
对于有机化学，专注于如何将红外吸收与官能团匹配。制作包含键类型和波数范围的抽认卡。通过查看往年真题中的未知光谱来自我测试。
10. Summary | 总结
Insert 1 of the AQA AS Chemistry January 2022 exam is a powerful aid that can save you from memorising unnecessary data. It provides the periodic table, physical constants, and spectroscopic data. Knowing its structure and practising using it will boost your confidence and accuracy.
AQA AS化学2022年1月考试的插页1是一个强大的辅助工具，可以让你免于记忆不必要的数据。它提供了元素周期表、物理常数和光谱数据。了解其结构并练习使用，将提升你的信心和准确性。
Always take time in the exam to locate the relevant section before answering a question. Do not rely on memory for values that are printed on the insert. Use the data systematically and quote it clearly in your answers.
考试时，答题前务必花时间定位相关部分。不要依赖记忆来获取已打印在插页上的数值。系统性地使用数据，并在答案中清晰引用。
Finally, remember that the insert is the same for every sitting, so if you have practised well, you will already know exactly what to expect. Good preparation using the insert will help you convert data into marks.
最后，请记住插页每次考试都是相同的，因此如果你准备充分，就已经完全知道会看到什么。利用插页做好充分准备，将帮助你把数据转化为分数。
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