AS AQA PH02 Insert Explained | AS AQA PH02 试卷插页全解读

📚 AS AQA PH02 Insert Explained | AS AQA PH02 试卷插页全解读

The PH02 Insert is a vital resource provided in the AQA International AS Physics examination. It contains all essential data, formulas, and constants you may need during the exam. Understanding its structure and content is as important as mastering the physics itself, because it saves time and reduces memory burden.

PH02 试卷插页是 AQA 国际 AS 物理考试中提供的重要资料，包含考试所需的全部关键数据、公式和常量。理解它的结构和内容，与掌握物理知识本身同样重要，因为它能节省时间并减轻记忆负担。

1. Overview of the PH02 Insert | PH02 插页概览

The insert is typically a two-page document printed on green paper in the actual exam. It is divided into sections covering fundamental constants, statistical data, and equations for mechanics, waves, electricity, and thermal physics. AQA deliberately provides this so candidates can focus on applying concepts rather than memorising every formula.

插页在实际考试中通常印在绿色纸张上，共两页。它分为若干板块，涵盖基本常量、统计数据以及力学、波动、电学和热物理公式。AQA 有意提供此资料，使考生能专注于运用概念，而非死记硬背每一个公式。

Key sections you will find:

你会看到的重点板块：

Fundamental constants and values | 基本常量与数值
Mechanics equations | 力学公式
Wave and optics equations | 波动与光学公式
Electricity equations | 电学公式
Thermal physics equations | 热物理公式

2. Fundamental Constants | 基本物理常量

The first section of the insert lists universal constants with their values and units. These are the same values AQA expects you to use consistently in all calculations. You should be familiar with their approximate values and know how to substitute them correctly with the appropriate prefix and power of ten.

插页第一部分列出普适常量及其数值和单位。这些是 AQA 期望你在所有计算中统一使用的数值。你应当熟悉它们的近似值，并知道如何正确代入，配合恰当的前缀和十的幂次。

speed of light c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹ | 光速
elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C | 元电荷
mass of electron mₑ = 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg | 电子质量
mass of proton mₚ = 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg | 质子质量
gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg⁻¹ | 重力场强度
permittivity of free space ε₀ = 8.85 × 10⁻¹² F m⁻¹ | 真空介电常数
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s | 普朗克常量

c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹ → λf = c

3. Mechanics: Kinematics Equations | 力学：运动学公式

The kinematics equations, often called the ‘suvat’ equations, appear in this section. They describe motion with constant acceleration. You must choose the correct equation based on the quantities you know and the one you need to find. The insert lists them without derivation, so you must understand their physical meaning.

运动学公式通常称为 “suvat” 方程，出现在这一部分。它们描述匀加速运动。你必须根据已知量和待求量选择正确的方程。插页仅列出公式而不作推导，因此你必须理解其物理意义。

v = u + at
s = (u + v)t / 2
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as

Where u is initial velocity, v final velocity, a acceleration, t time, and s displacement. Always assign positive and negative directions consistently before solving.

其中 u 为初速度，v 为末速度，a 为加速度，t 为时间，s 为位移。解题前务必统一设定正负方向。

v² = u² + 2as 适用于不含时间 t 的问题

4. Mechanics: Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力学：力与牛顿定律

This subsection includes equations for resultant force, weight, momentum, and Newton’s second law. AQA often uses this part in questions involving free-body diagrams and resolving forces into perpendicular components.

此小节包含合力、重力、动量及牛顿第二定律公式。AQA 常在涉及受力分析图和力的正交分解的题目中考查这一部分。

F = ma | 牛顿第二定律
W = mg | 重力
p = mv | 动量
F = Δp / Δt | 力的冲量形式

Remember that weight is measured in newtons, while mass is in kilograms. The value of g = 9.81 N kg⁻¹ means a 1 kg mass experiences a gravitational force of 9.81 N on Earth.

记住：重量单位是牛顿，而质量单位是千克。g = 9.81 N kg⁻¹ 表示地球上 1 kg 的物体受到 9.81 N 的重力。

F = ma 与 a = F / m 等价，方向与合力方向一致

5. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率

The insert provides formulas linking work done, kinetic energy, potential energy, and power. These are central to many PH02 questions, including those about energy conservation in roller coasters, projectiles, and simple machines.

插页提供联系做功、动能、势能和功率的公式。这些是许多 PH02 题目的核心，包括过山车、抛体运动和简单机械中的能量守恒问题。

Work done W = Fs | 做功
Kinetic energy Eₖ = ½mv² | 动能
Gravitational potential energy ΔEₚ = mgΔh | 重力势能变化
Power P = W / t = Fv | 功率

Efficiency is often calculated as useful output energy divided by total input energy, expressed as a percentage. The insert gives the defining equations, so you must know how to apply percentage calculations correctly.

效率通常以有用输出能量除以总输入能量计算，并以百分比表示。插页给出了定义式，因此你必须掌握百分比计算的正确应用。

效率 = (有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量) × 100%

6. Waves: Wave Speed and Superposition | 波动：波速与叠加

The wave section of the insert includes the universal wave equation, the relationship between path difference and phase, and conditions for constructive and destructive interference. These formulas are essential for questions on Young’s double-slit experiment and diffraction gratings.

插页的波动部分包含普适波方程、光程差与相位差的关系，以及相长干涉和相消干涉条件。这些公式对杨氏双缝实验和衍射光栅的题目至关重要。

Wave speed v = fλ | 波速
Path difference = nλ for constructive | 相长干涉光程差
Path difference = (n + ½)λ for destructive | 相消干涉光程差

v = fλ 中，v 由介质决定，f 由波源决定，λ 随之变化

In the double-slit experiment, fringe spacing w is given by λL / d, where L is the distance to the screen and d is the slit separation. This formula appears on the insert, but you must identify which variables are kept constant in the experimental setup.

在双缝实验中，条纹间距 w = λL / d，其中 L 为屏到双缝的距离，d 为缝间距。此公式出现在插页上，但你必须在实验装置中识别哪些变量保持恒定。

7. Electricity: Current, Voltage and Resistance | 电学：电流、电压与电阻

The electricity section provides Ohm’s law, power formulas, and resistor combination rules. PH02 questions frequently ask you to calculate current in circuits containing series and parallel resistors, so these equations are among the most heavily used on the insert.

电学部分提供欧姆定律、功率公式和电阻组合规则。PH02 题目经常要求你计算含串联和并联电阻电路中的电流，因此这些公式是插页中使用频率最高的。

V = IR | 欧姆定律
P = VI = I²R = V² / R | 电功率
Series: R = R₁ + R₂ + … | 串联电阻
Parallel: 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … | 并联电阻

For a cell with electromotive force ε and internal resistance r, the terminal voltage is given by V = ε − Ir. This equation is listed on the insert and regularly tested in combination with power calculations.

对于具有电动势 ε 和内阻 r 的电池，端电压由 V = ε − Ir 给出。此公式列在插页上，常与功率计算结合考查。

端电压 V = ε − Ir，当 I = 0 时 V = ε

8. Thermal Physics and Ideal Gas | 热物理与理想气体

This section covers the ideal gas equation and relationships involving Boyle’s law and the kinetic theory model. Although AS AQA International focuses on kinetic theory qualitatively, the insert provides the gas law equations for quantitative analysis.

这一部分涵盖理想气体方程以及玻意耳定律和分子动理论模型的关系。尽管 AQA 国际 AS 在定性上重点考查分子动理论，但插页提供气体定律方程用于定量分析。

pV = nRT | 理想气体方程
pV = ⅓Nmc² ｜分子动理论压强公式
Average kinetic energy of a molecule: Eₖ = (3/2)kT | 分子平均动能

Here n is the number of moles, R is the molar gas constant (8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹), N is the number of molecules, m is the mass of one molecule, and c² is the mean square speed. The temperature T must always be in kelvin.

其中 n 为摩尔数，R 为摩尔气体常量 (8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹)，N 为分子数，m 为一个分子的质量，c² 为均方速率。温度 T 必须使用开尔文单位。

T(K) = θ(°C) + 273.15

9. How to Use the Insert Effectively | 如何高效使用插页

Many candidates lose marks not because they lack knowledge, but because they misread or misapply the data on the insert. Make a habit of familiarising yourself with its layout before exam day, so you can locate a formula without wasting time.

许多考生丢分并非因为知识不足，而是因为误读或误用插页上的数据。建议在考试前就熟悉其排版布局，以便不浪费时间地快速定位公式。

When a question says ‘use the insert’, check whether the required constant is already printed | 当题目要求参考插页时，先确认所需常量是否已印出
Convert to base units before substituting numbers | 代入数值前先换算为国际单位基本单位
For multi-step problems, write down the equation symbolically first, then substitute | 多步骤问题先写出符号形式，再代入数值
Check prefixes: kilo, mega, giga, nano, pico | 注意前缀：kilo、mega、giga、nano、pico

For example, if a question uses m = 5 g and Eₖ = ½mv², you must convert 5 g to 5 × 10⁻³ kg. Failure to do so causes a factor of 1000 error in the final answer.

例如，若题目给出 m = 5 g 且需用 Eₖ = ½mv²，你必须将 5 g 转换为 5 × 10⁻³ kg。否则会导致最终答案产生 1000 倍的误差。

10. Common Pitfalls and Exam Tips | 常见误区与应试技巧

The National 5 Physics exam at AQA level requires both recall and application. The insert reduces recall demand, but you must still know which equation to select for a given physical situation. Mis-selecting an equation is a frequent and costly mistake.

AQA 级别物理考试既要求记忆也要求应用。插页降低了记忆负担，但你仍需判断在给定物理情境下选择哪个公式。选错公式是常见且代价高昂的错误。

Check whether motion is horizontal or vertical for projectile questions | 抛体题判断运动是水平还是垂直
For graphs, the gradient and area under the curve often represent physical quantities | 对于图像，斜率与曲线下面积常代表物理量
Use significant figures consistent with the data given, usually 2 or 3 | 有效数字与题目数据一致，通常为 2 或 3 位
State the unit for every numerical answer | 每个数值答案都要注明单位

When using the wave equation v = fλ, ensure the frequency is in Hz and the wavelength in metres. If the wavelength is given in nanometres, convert to metres before multiplying.

使用波方程 v = fλ 时，确保频率以 Hz 为单位，波长以米为单位。若波长以纳米给出，相乘前先换算为米。

11. Practice Strategy Using the Insert | 利用插页的练习策略

Past paper practice should be done with the insert open. This trains your brain to associate each question type with the correct section of the formula sheet. Over time, you will develop a mental map of where every formula sits.

做历年真题时应翻开插页练习。这会训练你的大脑将每种题型与公式表的正确板块关联起来。假以时日，你会形成对每个公式位置的心智地图。

Spend 30 minutes daily identifying formulas for random questions | 每天花 30 分钟随机挑选题目并识别应使用的公式
After each mock paper, review every mistake and note which section of the insert caused confusion | 每次模拟考后复习每个错误，记录插页的哪个板块造成混淆
Explain to a friend why each formula applies to its typical question pattern | 向朋友解释每个公式为何适用于其典型题目模式

For numerical problems involving thermal physics, remember that the ideal gas equation requires pressure in pascals, volume in cubic metres, and temperature in kelvin. Converting from cm³ to m³ means dividing by 10⁶.

对于涉及热物理的数值问题，记住理想气体方程要求压强以帕斯卡、体积以立方米、温度以开尔文为单位。从 cm³ 转换为 m³ 需要除以 10⁶。

1 cm³ = 1 × 10⁻⁶ m³；1 kPa = 1 × 10³ Pa

12. Final Checklist Before the Exam | 考前最终检查清单

Before entering the examination hall, make sure you have the following strategies firmly in mind. The insert is a powerful tool, but it can only help those who have practiced with it.

进入考场前，确保你牢牢记住以下策略。插页是一个强大的工具，但它只对有练习经验的人有帮助。

Memorise the layout of the insert, not the formulas themselves | 熟记插页的布局，而非公式本身
Know the definition of every symbol used in the equations | 知道方程中每个符号的定义
Convert all units before substituting | 代入前完成所有单位换算
Read each question twice to identify hidden data | 每道题读两遍以识别隐藏数据
Write your final answer with the correct prefix and unit | 最终答案使用正确前缀和单位

With these strategies, the PH02 insert becomes an extension of your working memory, giving you greater speed and accuracy during the exam. Practice deliberately, and you will find the time pressure much easier to manage.

掌握这些策略后，PH02 插页将成为你工作记忆的延伸，帮助你在考试中提高速度和准确率。进行有针对性的练习，你会发现自己能更从容地应对时间压力。

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AS AQA PH02 Insert Explained | AS AQA PH02 试卷插页全解读