📚 AS AQA Physics Insert 2 (June 2022) Explained | AS AQA 物理 2022年6月 附表2 解析
The June 2022 AS AQA Physics Paper 2 (7407/2) included an Insert booklet containing key data and formulae. This article unpacks what was provided in that Insert, explains how each formula is applied in exam questions, and highlights common pitfalls students encounter when using them under timed conditions.
2022年6月AQA AS物理第二卷（7407/2）附带了包含关键数据与公式的附表册。本文将详细解析该附表中的内容，说明每一条公式在考试题目中如何应用，并指出考生在限时条件下使用这些公式时常犯的错误。
1. Structure of the Insert | 附表的结构
The AQA AS Physics Insert 2 is a reference booklet printed for each candidate. It contains fundamental constants, unit conversions, and the full list of equations permitted for the AS course. It is not a formula book to memorise — it is given in the exam, but you must know when and how to use each equation.
AQA AS物理附表2是每位考生都会获得的参考手册，包含基本物理常数、单位换算关系以及AS课程允许使用的完整公式列表。它不是需要死记硬背的公式书——考试时会提供给你，但你必须知道何时以及如何使用每一条公式。
- Data section: speed of light, Planck constant, gravitational field strength, etc.
- 数据部分：光速、普朗克常数、重力场强度等。
- Formulae section: arranged by topic — mechanics, electricity, waves, and matter.
- 公式部分：按主题排列——力学、电学、波动与物质。
2. Key Constants and Units | 核心常数与单位
The Insert lists constants used across all AS topics. These values are given on the first page and are printed with three significant figures in most cases, except where greater precision is needed (e.g. the speed of light).
附表列出了AS所有主题中使用的常数。这些数值通常以三位有效数字印在第一页，但在需要更高精度的地方例外（如光速）。
speed of light c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹
光速 c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s
普朗克常数 h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s
gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg⁻¹ (on Earth)
重力场强度 g = 9.81 N kg⁻¹（地球表面）
| Quantity | Symbol | Value | 物理量 |
| Elementary charge | e | 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C | 元电荷 |
| Mass of electron | mₑ | 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg | 电子质量 |
| Mass of proton | mₚ | 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg | 质子质量 |
| Permittivity of free space | ε₀ | 8.85 × 10⁻¹² F m⁻¹ | 真空介电常数 |
3. Mechanics: Equations of Motion | 力学：运动学方程
The Insert provides the four SUVAT equations for constant acceleration. These apply to straight-line motion with uniform acceleration. In May 2022 paper, the most frequently tested skills were selecting the correct equation and rearranging for the unknown.
附表提供了匀加速直线运动的四条SUVAT方程。这些方程适用于加速度恒定的直线运动。在2022年5月的试卷中，最高频的考点是选择正确的方程并重新整理以求解未知量。
v = u + at
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as
s = ½(u + v)t
Common error: applying these equations when acceleration is not constant, e.g. when air resistance is significant. Always check the question for the phrase ‘constant acceleration’ or ‘uniform acceleration’ before using them.
常见错误：在加速度不恒定（如空气阻力显著）的情况下使用这些方程。使用前务必检查题目中是否有”匀加速”或”恒定加速度”的字样。
4. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
The formula section includes Newton’s second law in the form F = ma, along with definitions for weight W = mg and resultant force. The June 2022 paper tested equilibrium situations where multiple forces act on a stationary or constant-velocity object.
公式部分包含牛顿第二定律 F = ma 的定义形式，以及重力 W = mg 和合外力的定义。2022年6月试卷考查了多个力作用在静止或匀速运动物体上的平衡情况。
F = ma | W = mg | F = kx (Hooke’s law)
For a mass on an inclined plane, resolve forces perpendicular and parallel to the plane. The component of weight acting down the slope is mg sin θ, and the normal reaction is mg cos θ.
对于斜面上的物体，将力分解为垂直斜面与平行斜面方向。沿斜面向下的重力分量为 mg sin θ，法向反作用力为 mg cos θ。
5. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能量与功率
This section of the Insert lists W = Fs, kinetic energy Eₖ = ½mv², and gravitational potential energy Eₚ = mgh. These were tested in projectile and vertical motion contexts in the June 2022 paper.
附表的这一部分列出了 W = Fs、动能 Eₖ = ½mv² 和重力势能 Eₚ = mgh。在2022年6月试卷中，这些公式在抛体运动和竖直运动情境中受到了考查。
Eₖ = ½mv² | Eₚ = mgh | P = E/t = Fv
Remember that the work done by a force is the product of the force and the displacement in the direction of the force. If the force and displacement are at an angle θ, use W = Fs cos θ.
请记住，力所做的功等于力与沿力方向上位移的乘积。若力与位移之间夹角为θ，则使用 W = Fs cos θ。
6. Electrical Circuits | 电路
The Insert provides Ohm’s law V = IR, the resistivity equation R = ρL/A, and the power equations P = VI = I²R = V²/R. In the AS paper, circuit questions required combination of series and parallel resistor rules with these equations.
附表提供了欧姆定律 V = IR、电阻率方程 R = ρL/A 以及功率方程 P = VI = I²R = V²/R。在AS试卷中，电路问题要求将这些方程与串并联电阻规则结合使用。
Series: R_total = R₁ + R₂ + R₃
并联：1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃
For a filament lamp, the resistance increases with temperature, so the V-I graph is a curve. The Insert does not provide this — you are expected to know the shape of the graph from your practical work.
对于白炽灯，电阻随温度升高而增大，因此V-I图是一条曲线。附表没有提供这一点——你需要从实验课中知道该图的形状。
7. Waves: Frequency, Speed and Period | 波动：频率、速度与周期
The wave section of the Insert provides v = fλ and T = 1/f. These appear in virtually every AS physics paper, either directly or embedded in more complex questions about standing waves and the Doppler effect.
附表的波动部分提供了 v = fλ 和 T = 1/f。这些公式在几乎每份AS物理试卷中都会出现，无论是直接考查还是嵌入到驻波和多普勒效应等更复杂的问题中。
v = fλ | T = 1/f | f = 1/T
For a stationary wave on a string fixed at both ends, the fundamental frequency corresponds to half a wavelength. The Insert includes the relationship for harmonics: f = nv/(2L) for the nth harmonic.
对于两端固定的弦上的驻波，基频对应半个波长。附表包含谐波关系：第n次谐波的频率为 f = nv/(2L)。
8. Optics and Refraction | 光学与折射
The refraction section provides n = sin i / sin r and the critical angle equation sin c = 1/n. Total internal reflection questions were common in June 2022, especially those involving optical fibres.
折射部分提供了 n = sin i / sin r 和临界角方程 sin c = 1/n。在2022年6月的考试中，全内反射题目很常见，尤其是涉及光纤的题目。
n = sin i / sin r | sin c = 1/n
Key pitfall: ensure angles are measured from the normal, not from the surface. A common mistake is using angles measured from the boundary, which leads to incorrect values of n by a factor related to sin(90° − θ) = cos θ.
关键陷阱：确保角度从法线而不是从界面测量。一个常见错误是使用从边界测量的角度，这会导致n的数值错误，因为涉及到 sin(90° − θ) = cos θ 的关系。
9. Particle Physics Data | 粒子物理数据
The Insert for Paper 2 (which covers optional topic sections) includes rest masses and charges for the proton, neutron and electron. These are needed for questions on radioactive decay, binding energy, and particle physics.
第二卷附表（涵盖选修主题）包括质子、中子和电子的静质量和电荷量。这些数据用于放射性衰变、结合能和粒子物理的问题。
| Particle | Rest mass / kg | Charge / C | 粒子 |
| Proton | 1.67262 × 10⁻²⁷ | +1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ | 质子 |
| Neutron | 1.67493 × 10⁻²⁷ | 0 | 中子 |
| Electron | 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ | −1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ | 电子 |
When calculating mass defect, use the unified atomic mass unit u = 1.66 × 10⁻²⁷ kg, which is also given in the Insert. Convert to energy using E = mc² with c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹.
计算质量亏损时，使用原子质量单位 u = 1.66 × 10⁻²⁷ kg（附表中给出）。用质能方程 E = mc² 转换为能量，其中 c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹。
10. Using the Insert Efficiently | 高效使用附表
The most successful candidates do not read the Insert during the exam; they know its contents well enough that they flip directly to the exact formula needed. You should be able to locate any given equation in under five seconds.
得分最高的考生在考试中不会去阅读附表——他们对内容足够熟悉，能够直接翻到需要的精确公式。你应该能够在五秒内找到任何给定方程。
- Before the exam, create a one-page summary of every formula in the Insert, arranged by topic. This forces you to understand where everything is.
- 考前，用一页纸整理附表的所有公式，按主题排列。这会促使你理解每项内容的位置。
- When practising past papers, always close the Insert and attempt the calculation first. Only open it to confirm your remembered formula is correct.
- 练习真题时，先合上附表，尝试独立完成计算。仅在你确认记忆的公式是否正确时才打开它。
11. Common Mistakes with the Insert | 使用附表的常见错误
Even though the Insert is given, many students still lose marks because of unit errors. For example, a wavelength given in nm must be converted to m (1 nm = 10⁻⁹ m) before substituting into v = fλ.
尽管附表已提供，许多学生仍因单位错误而失分。例如，以纳米为单位的波长必须先转换为米（1 nm = 10⁻⁹ m），然后才能代入 v = fλ。
Another frequent issue: using the wrong set of SUVAT equations for the direction of motion. Vertical motion under gravity must use g = 9.81 m s⁻² with a consistent sign convention (positive up or positive down).
另一个常见问题：对运动方向选择了错误的SUVAT方程组。重力作用下的竖直运动必须使用 g = 9.81 m s⁻²，并保持符号约定一致（向上为正或向下为正）。
12. Final Revision Strategy | 最终复习策略
Your goal is to make the Insert feel like second nature. Do not spend exam time reading through every equation — this wastes five to ten critical minutes. Instead, know the Insert so well that you can mentally picture each page before the exam starts.
你的目标是让附表像第二本能一样熟悉。不要花考试时间逐条阅读所有方程——这会浪费关键的5到10分钟。相反，要对附表了如指掌，使你在考试开始前就能在脑海中浮现每一页的内容。
Finally, always check whether the question paper provides additional data not found in the Insert. Sometimes the examiners supply extra information in the question itself, such as the specific latent heat of a material, because it changes between questions.
最后，始终检查试卷是否提供了附表之外的数据。有时考官会在题目本身中提供额外信息，例如某种材料的比潜热，因为该数值会因题目而异。
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